@article {4417, title = {Image analysis-based classification of pigmentation patterns in fish: A case study of pseudo-albinism in Senegalese sole}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {464}, year = {2016}, pages = {303 - 308}, keywords = {Pseudo-albinism}, issn = {0044-8486}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.06.040}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848616303441}, author = {Wishkerman, A and Boglino, A and Darias, Maria and Andree, K B and Est{\'e}vez, A and Gisbert, E} } @article {4125, title = {The effect of dietary oxidized lipid levels on growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, intestinal lipid deposition and skeletogenesis in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae}, journal = {Aquaculture Nutrition}, volume = {20}, year = {2014}, pages = {692{\textendash}711}, abstract = {

Fish tissues, particularly rich in n-3 PUFA, are prone to lipid peroxidation that can damage cellular membranes, cause severe lesions and subsequently incidences of disease and mortality. However, fish possess antioxidant defences, such as vitamin E (VE) and antioxidant enzymes, to protect them against oxidative damage. This study investigated the effects of an increasing gradient of oxidized dietary lipid on the survival, growth performance, skeletogenesis and antioxidant defensive processes occurring in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae. Four groups of fish were fed live prey enriched with experimental emulsions containing an increasing gradient of oxidized oil: non-oxidized, NO+VE, 34.5\ nmol MDA g-1 w.w.; mildly oxidized, MO+VE, 43.1\ nmol MDA g-1 w.w.; highly oxidized, HO+VE, 63.3\ nmol MDA g-1 w.w. and highly oxidized without VE, HO-VE, 78.8\ nmol MDA g-1 w.w. The oxidation levels increased in enriched rotifers following the oxidation gradient of the emulsions, but were not affected in enriched Artemia metanauplii. The oxidation status of Senegalese sole larvae increased during development, but this was not related to the dietary treatments. The increasing dietary oxidation levels did not affect the fatty acid profile, survival, growth performance and metamorphosis processes of sole larvae. Senegalese sole seem to activate antioxidant defence mechanisms in response to the increasing amounts of dietary peroxidized lipids, in a manner efficiently enough to prevent detection of any alterations of these physiological processes. Antioxidant systems and detoxification mechanisms appeared to occur through the consumption of dietary α-tocopherol, the activation of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase) and the retention of oxidized fat in the intestinal enterocytes for detoxification prior to their utilization. However, fish fed the highest oxidized diet presented a reduction in bone mineralization, but lower incidence of deformities in the vertebral and caudal regions than fish fed the other diets. This study exemplifies the importance of rearing Senegalese sole larvae on non-oxidized diets during the early larval development to avoid detrimental consequences in older fish, most notably in the process of skeletogenesis.

}, keywords = {antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, live prey enrichment, skeletogenesis, Solea senegalensis larvae, vitamin E}, issn = {1365-2095}, doi = {10.1111/anu.12123}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anu.12123}, author = {Boglino, A and Darias, Maria and Est{\'e}vez, A and Andree, K B and Sarasquete, Carmen and Ortiz-Delgado, Juan Bosco and Sol{\'e}, M and Gisbert, E} } @article {4132, title = {The effects of dietary arachidonic acid on bone in flatfish larvae: the last but not the least of the essential fatty acids}, journal = {Journal of Applied Ichthyology}, volume = {30}, year = {2014}, pages = {643{\textendash}651}, abstract = {

Flatfish can provide a reliable model to study developmental disorders in bone tissues occurring during morphogenesis in response to nutritional imbalances. To date, most studies dealing with the effect of dietary essential fatty acids (EFA) on skeletogenesis in fish have focused their investigation on the role of docohexanoic (22:6n-3, DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5n{\textendash}3, EPA) acids, but only a few have focused on investigating the effects of arachidonic acid (20:4n{\textendash}6, ARA) on bone during fish larval development. Bone development and composition at larval stage have been demonstrated to be highly sensitive to dietary levels of EFA, in particular the EPA and ARA acids, both precursors for highly bioactive eicosanoids presenting opposite effects on bone metabolism. Since fish are not able to synthesize EFA, they need to obtain them from the diet. However, dietary imbalances in EPA and ARA in flatfish larvae may disrupt bone formation and osteoblast differentiation in skeletal tissues, leading to the incidence of skeletal deformities, reduced mineralization and problems of bone remodelling in the cranial region associated with impaired eye migration. These anomalies in skeletal structures are one of the most important factors that affect flatfish larval quality and hamper their production. Thus, we have reviewed the current state of knowledge about the effects of dietary ARA contents on skeletogenesis in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis), one of the main flatfish species cultured in Europe. Their larval quality still suffers for a high incidence of skeletal anomalies induced by dietary imbalances during metamorphosis.

}, issn = {1439-0426}, doi = {10.1111/jai.12511}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jai.12511}, author = {Boglino, A and Darias, Maria and Andree, K B and Est{\'e}vez, A and Gisbert, E} } @article {4133, title = {The effects of dietary arachidonic acid on Senegalese sole morphogenesis: A synthesis of recent findings}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {432}, year = {2014}, pages = {443 - 452}, abstract = {

Abstract In this study we evaluated the effects of high dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) levels on prostaglandin \{E2\} (PGE2) and \{E3\} (PGE3) production and their effect on two morphogenetic processes occurring during metamorphosis: the establishment of the juvenile pigmentation pattern and eye migration and remodeling of cranial bones. In this sense, Senegalese sole larvae were fed from 2 to 50 days post-hatch (dph) with live prey enriched with an experimental emulsion containing high levels of \{ARA\} (ARA-H; 10.2 and 7.1\% \{TFA\} in enriched rotifer and Artemia, respectively) versus a reference commercial enriching product (Algamac 3050{\textregistered}, AGM; 1.0 and 1.4\% \{TFA\} in enriched rotifer and Artemia, respectively). High dietary \{ARA\} levels did not affect larval growth performance at 50 dph, but significantly induced malpigmentation (81.4 {\textpm} 7.5\%, versus 0.9 {\textpm} 0.3\% in larvae fed the \{AGM\} diet). This malpigmentation was linked to the higher prostaglandin \{E2\} (PGE2) levels observed in pseudo-albino fish as compared to normally pigmented individuals. The \{PGE2\} levels were higher in normally pigmented specimens fed the ARA-H diet than in those fed the \{AGM\} diet. The effects of \{ARA\} on normally pigmented fish fed the \{AGM\} diet and pseudo-albino specimens fed the ARA-H diet were evaluated by means of the density of melanophores and the texture and image segmentation analyses in the dorsal skin of post-metamorphic fish. The skin of pseudo-albino specimens had a more uniform and homogeneous melanophore pattern than normally pigmented fish. Melanophores in pseudo-albino specimens were less abundant and not so aggregated in patches as they were in normally pigmented ones, whereas their shape differed (round vs. dendritic) suggesting their inability to disperse melanin. In addition, fish fed the ARA-H diet presented a higher percentage of cranial deformities (95.1 {\textpm} 1.5\%) than those fed the control diet (1.9 {\textpm} 1.9\%) that was significantly and negatively correlated with the incidence of normally-pigmented animals (R2 = - 0.88, P \< 0.001). Cranial deformities in pseudo-albino fish were associated with an impaired migration of the eye from the ocular side (the right eye), whereas the left eye migrated from the blind side into the ocular side almost normally. The effects of high dietary \{ARA\} levels in the eye migration and cranial bone remodeling processes in post-metamorphic larvae were evaluated by means of the staining of cranial skeletal elements. Pseudo-albino fish showed higher interocular distance and head height than normally pigmented individuals, a different disposition of the eyes with regard to the vertebral column and mouth axes, and a distinct osteological development of some skeletal structures from the neuro- and splanchnocranium, in relation to high dietary \{ARA\} contents and high \{PGE2\} production. These results brought new information about possible nutritional forcing factors and physiological mechanisms of pigmentary disorders and impaired eye migration, which are current major bottlenecks in flatfish aquaculture.

}, keywords = {Skeletal deformities}, issn = {0044-8486}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.05.007}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848614002233}, author = {Boglino, A and Wishkerman, A and Darias, Maria and de la Iglesia, P and Est{\'e}vez, A and Andree, K B and Gisbert, E} } @inbook {4149, title = {European Sea bass larval culture.}, booktitle = {Biology of European Seabass.}, year = {2014}, pages = {162-206}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, address = {Boca Raton}, author = {Gisbert, E and Fern{\'a}ndez, Ignacio and Villamizar, N and Darias, Maria and Zambonino-Infante, J and Est{\'e}vez, A}, editor = {S{\'a}nchez-V{\'a}zquez, F J and Mu{\~n}oz-Cueto, J A} } @article {4144, title = {Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) metamorphic larvae are more sensitive to pseudo-albinism induced by high dietary arachidonic acid levels than post-metamorphic larvae}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {433}, year = {2014}, pages = {276 - 287}, abstract = {

Abstract High dietary levels of arachidonic acid (ARA) and its relative proportions with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), fed during early larval stages, have been associated with malpigmentation in various flatfish species. This study investigated whether the nutritional induction of pigmentary disorders at larval stages was related to a specific larval period of increased sensitivity to \{ARA\} in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858). Senegalese sole larvae were fed high dietary \{ARA\} levels during pre- and pro-metamorphosis (2{\textendash}15 dph) and/or post-metamorphosis (15{\textendash}50 dph). Larval tissues reflected the dietary fatty acid composition. Malpigmentations were significantly related to elevated dietary and larval \{ARA\} contents and ARA/EPA ratio. This study reports evidence for a {\textquotedblleft}pigmentation window{\textquotedblright}, with a higher larval sensitivity to dietary \{ARA\} during pre- and pro-metamorphosis than post-metamorphosis. High dietary \{ARA\} fed to larvae during pre-metamorphosis enhanced survival, but did not affect growth nor eye migration. The aspect and density of melanophores in the skin of the ocular side of ARA-induced pseudo-albinos were significantly reduced in comparison to normally pigmented individuals, even more in the pseudo-albino fish fed high dietary \{ARA\} levels during the pre-metamorphic stage. Pseudo-albino fish fed high dietary \{ARA\} levels during post-metamorphosis showed higher concentrations of 2- and 3-series prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGE3) than normally pigmented specimens fed the same diets. An increased sensitivity to ARA-induced malpigmentations has been identified at pre-metamorphosis and early metamorphosis in Senegalese sole. Supplying high dietary \{ARA\} amounts imbalanced the dietary ARA/EPA ratio and disrupted the relative concentrations of derived \{PGE2\} and PGE3, resulting in 20 to 81.7\% pseudo-albino individuals, depending on the dietary treatment. The administration of high levels of dietary \{ARA\} at different developmental stages did not only affect the incidence of animals with pigmentary disorders, but it also affect the melanophore density and skin aspect in normally pigmented and pseudoalbino fish as image segmentation and texture analyses indicated.

}, keywords = {Prostaglandins}, issn = {0044-8486}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.06.012}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848614003056}, author = {Boglino, A and Wishkerman, A and Darias, Maria and de la Iglesia, P and Andree, K B and Gisbert, E and Est{\'e}vez, A} }