@article {6820,
	title = {Identifying Toxic Impacts of Metals Potentially Released during Deep-Sea Mining{\textemdash}A Synthesis of the Challenges to Quantifying Risk},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {368},
	abstract = {In January 2017, the International Seabed Authority released a discussion paper on the development of Environmental Regulations for deep-sea mining (DSM) within the Area Beyond National Jurisdiction (the {\textquotedblleft}Area{\textquotedblright}). With the release of this paper, the prospect for commercial mining in the Area within the next decade has become very real. Moreover, within nations{\textquoteright} Exclusive Economic Zones, the exploitation of deep-sea mineral ore resources could take place on very much shorter time scales and, indeed, may have already started. However, potentially toxic metal mixtures may be released at sea during different stages of the mining process and in different physical phases (dissolved or particulate). As toxicants, metals can disrupt organism physiology and performance, and therefore may impact whole populations, leading to ecosystem scale effects. A challenge to the prediction of toxicity is that deep-sea ore deposits include complex mixtures of minerals, including potentially toxic metals such as copper, cadmium, zinc, and lead, as well as rare earth elements. Whereas the individual toxicity of some of these dissolved metals has been established in laboratory studies, the complex and variable mineral composition of seabed resources makes the a priori prediction of the toxic risk of DSM extremely challenging. Furthermore, although extensive data quantify the toxicity of metals in solution in shallow-water organisms, these may not be representative of the toxicity in deep-sea organisms, which may differ biochemically and physiologically and which will experience those toxicants under conditions of low temperature, high hydrostatic pressure, and potentially altered pH. In this synthesis, we present a summation of recent advances in our understanding of the potential toxic impacts of metal exposure to deep-sea meio- to megafauna at low temperature and high pressure, and consider the limitation of deriving lethal limits based on the paradigm of exposure to single metals in solution. We consider the potential for long-term and far-field impacts to key benthic invertebrates, including the very real prospect of sub-lethal impacts and behavioral perturbation of exposed species. In conclusion, we advocate the adoption of an existing practical framework for characterizing bulk resource toxicity in advance of exploitation.},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2017.00368},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2017.00368},
	author = {Hauton, Chris and Brown, Alastair and Thatje, Sven and Mestre, N{\'e}lia C. and Bebianno, Maria J. and Martins, In{\^e}s and Bettencourt, Raul and Canals, Miquel and Sanchez-Vidal, Anna and Bruce Shillito and Juliette Ravaux and Magali Zbinden and Duperron, S{\'e}bastien and Mevenkamp, Lisa and Vanreusel, Ann and Gambi, Cristina and Dell{\textquoteright}Anno, Antonio and Danovaro, Roberto and Gunn, Vikki and Weaver, Phil}
}
@article {3744,
	title = {Is the deep-sea crab Chaceon affinis able to induce a thermal stress response?},
	journal = {Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol},
	volume = {181},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015 Mar},
	pages = {54-61},
	abstract = {<p>Fluctuations in the stress level of an organism are expressed in behavioural and molecular changes that can affect its ecology and survival. Our knowledge of thermal adaptations in deep-sea organisms is very limited, and this study investigates the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and the heat-shock response (HSR) in the deep-sea crab Chaceon affinis commonly found in waters of the North East Atlantic. A mild but significant HSR in C. affinis was noted and one of the lowest CTmax known amongst Crustacea was revealed (27.5 {\textdegree}C at 0.1 MPa; 28.5 {\textdegree}C at 10 MPa). The thermal sensitivity of this species appears to be reduced at in situ pressure (10 MPa), given the slightly higher CTmax and the significant 3-fold induction of stress genes hsp70 form 1 and hsp70 form 2. Although C. affinis deep-sea habitat is characterized by overall low temperature this species appears to have retained its ability to induce a HSR. This capability may be linked with C. affinis{\textquoteright} occasional exploitation of warmer and thermally instable hydrothermal vent fields, where it has been found foraging for food.</p>
},
	issn = {1531-4332},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.11.015},
	author = {Mestre, N{\'e}lia C and Cottin, Delphine and Bettencourt, Raul and Cola{\c c}o, Ana and Correia, S{\'e}rgio P C and Bruce Shillito and Thatje, Sven and Juliette Ravaux}
}
