Cnidaires - Mireille M.M. Guillaume (La fonction venimeuse, 2015)

Colonisation à court terme par le benthos sur un éco-récif artificiel - Foveau, Aurélie; Jean-Claude Dauvin; Anne-Marie Rusig; Isabelle Mussio; Pascal Claquin (Proceedings of the Congress on artificial reefs : from materials to ecosystems, 2015)

Colonization of plant substrates at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean and occurrence of symbiont-related bacteria. - Szafranski, Kamil M; Deschamps, Philippe; Cunha, Marina R; Sylvie M Gaudron; Sébastien Duperron (Front Microbiol, 2015)
Reducing conditions with elevated sulfide and methane concentrations in ecosystems such as hydrothermal vents, cold seeps or organic falls, are suitable for chemosynthetic primary production. Understanding processes driving bacterial diversity, colonization and dispersal is of prime importance for deep-sea microbial ecology. This study provides a detailed characterization of bacterial assemblages colonizing plant-derived substrates using a standardized approach over a geographic area spanning the North-East Atlantic and Mediterranean. Wood and alfalfa substrates in colonization devices were deployed for different periods at 8 deep-sea chemosynthesis-based sites in four distinct geographic areas. Pyrosequencing of a fragment of the 16S rRNA-encoding gene was used to describe bacterial communities. Colonization occurred within the first 14 days. The diversity was higher in samples deployed for more than 289 days. After 289 days, no relation was observed between community richness and deployment duration, suggesting that diversity may have reached saturation sometime in between. Communities in long-term deployments were different, and their composition was mainly influenced by the geographical location where devices were deployed. Numerous sequences related to horizontally-transmitted chemosynthetic symbionts of metazoans were identified. Their potential status as free-living forms of these symbionts was evaluated based on sequence similarity with demonstrated symbionts. Results suggest that some free-living forms of metazoan symbionts or their close relatives, such as Epsilonproteobacteria associated with the shrimp Rimicaris exoculata, are efficient colonizers of plant substrates at vents and seeps.

Comparative environmental performance of artisanal and commercial feed use in Peruvian freshwater aquaculture - Avadí, Angel; Pelletier, Nathan; Aubin, Joël; Ralite, Stéphane; Jesus Nuñez-Rodriguez; Fréon, Pierre (Aquaculture, 2015)

Comparative phylogeography of Javanese and Balinese freshwater fishes: DNA barcodes shed light on Quaternary range expansion dynamic in a biodiversity hotspot. - Hutama, A.; Darhuddin, H.; Frédéric Busson; Sauri, S; Hanner, R; Philippe Keith; Hadiaty, Renny; Hubert, N (Genome, 2015)

The Comparison of δ13C Values of a Deposit- and a Suspension-Feeder Bio-Indicates Benthic vs. Pelagic Couplings and Trophic Status in Contrasted Coastal Ecosystems - Sylvie M Gaudron; Karine Grangeré; Sébastien Lefebvre (Estuaries and Coasts, 2015)

Compte rendu du séminaire du groupe de travail « mangroves ». Paris, MNHN, 28-30 septembre 2015. Convention ONEMA/MNHN 2015. 12 pages. - Guillaume Dirberg (2015)
Keywords: Bioindication; DCE; DOM; Mangrove

Concentrations and Fractionation of Carbon, Iron, Sulfur, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Mangrove Sediments Along an Intertidal Gradient (Semi-Arid Climate, New Caledonia) - Jonhatan Deborde; Cyril Marchand; Nathalie Molnar; Luc Della-Patrona; Tarik Meziane (J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 2015)
In mangrove ecosystems, strong reciprocal interactions exist between plant and substrate. Under semi-arid climate, Rhizophora spp. are usually predominant, colonizing the seashore, and Avicennia marina develops at the edge of salt-flats, which is the highest zone in the intertidal range. Along this zonation, distribution and speciation of C, Fe, S, N, and P in sediments and pore-waters were investigated. From the land-side to the sea-side of the mangrove, sediments were characterized by I/ increase in: (i) water content; (ii) TOC; (iii) mangrove-derived OM; II/ and decrease in: (i) salinity; (ii) redox; (iii) pH; (iv) solid Fe and solid P. Beneath Avicennia and Rhizophora, TS accumulated at depth, probably as a result of reduction of iron oxides and sulfate. The loss of total Fe observed towards the sea-side may be related to sulfur oxidation and to more intense tidal flushing of dissolved components. Except the organic forms, dissolved N and P concentrations were very low beneath Avicennia and Rhizophora stands, probably as a result of their uptake by the root systems. However, in the unvegetated salt-flat, NH4+ can accumulate in organic rich and anoxic layers. This study shows: (i) the evolution of mangrove sediment biogeochemistry along the intertidal zone as a result of the different duration of tidal inundation and organic enrichment; and (ii) the strong links between the distribution and speciation of the different elements.
Keywords: biogeochemistry; Mangrove; New Caledonia; zonation

Is the deep-sea crab Chaceon affinis able to induce a thermal stress response? - Mestre, Nélia C; Cottin, Delphine; Bettencourt, Raul; Colaço, Ana; Correia, Sérgio P C; Bruce Shillito; Thatje, Sven; Juliette Ravaux (Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol, 2015)
Fluctuations in the stress level of an organism are expressed in behavioural and molecular changes that can affect its ecology and survival. Our knowledge of thermal adaptations in deep-sea organisms is very limited, and this study investigates the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and the heat-shock response (HSR) in the deep-sea crab Chaceon affinis commonly found in waters of the North East Atlantic. A mild but significant HSR in C. affinis was noted and one of the lowest CTmax known amongst Crustacea was revealed (27.5 °C at 0.1 MPa; 28.5 °C at 10 MPa). The thermal sensitivity of this species appears to be reduced at in situ pressure (10 MPa), given the slightly higher CTmax and the significant 3-fold induction of stress genes hsp70 form 1 and hsp70 form 2. Although C. affinis deep-sea habitat is characterized by overall low temperature this species appears to have retained its ability to induce a HSR. This capability may be linked with C. affinis' occasional exploitation of warmer and thermally instable hydrothermal vent fields, where it has been found foraging for food.

Demonstration of the Coexistence of Duplicated LH Receptors in Teleosts, and Their Origin in Ancestral Actinopterygians. - Gersende Maugars; Sylvie Dufour (PLoS One, 2015)
Pituitary gonadotropins, FSH and LH, control gonad activity in vertebrates, via binding to their respective receptors, FSHR and LHR, members of GPCR superfamily. Until recently, it was accepted that gnathostomes possess a single FSHR and a single LHR, encoded by fshr and lhcgr genes. We reinvestigated this question, focusing on vertebrate species of key-phylogenetical positions. Genome analyses supported the presence of a single fshr and a single lhcgr in chondrichthyans, and in sarcopterygians including mammals, birds, amphibians and coelacanth. In contrast, we identified a single fshr but two lhgcr in basal teleosts, the eels. We further showed the coexistence of duplicated lhgcr in other actinopterygians, including a non-teleost, the gar, and other teleosts, e.g. Mexican tetra, platyfish, or tilapia. Phylogeny and synteny analyses supported the existence in actinopterygians of two lhgcr paralogs (lhgcr1/ lhgcr2), which do not result from the teleost-specific whole-genome duplication (3R), but likely from a local gene duplication that occurred early in the actinopterygian lineage. Due to gene losses, there was no impact of 3R on the number of gonadotropin receptors in extant teleosts. Additional gene losses during teleost radiation, led to a single lhgcr (lhgcr1 or lhgcr2) in some species, e.g. medaka and zebrafish. Sequence comparison highlighted divergences in the extracellular and intracellular domains of the duplicated lhgcr, suggesting differential properties such as ligand binding and activation mechanisms. Comparison of tissue distribution in the European eel, revealed that fshr and both lhgcr transcripts are expressed in the ovary and testis, but are differentially expressed in non-gonadal tissues such as brain or eye. Differences in structure-activity relationships and tissue expression may have contributed as selective drives in the conservation of the duplicated lhgcr. This study revises the evolutionary scenario and nomenclature of gonadotropin receptors, and opens new research avenues on the roles of duplicated LHR in actinopterygians.

Description of the skeletal anatomy of reared juveniles of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Castelnau, 1855) with notes on skeletal anomalies - Estivals, G; Carmen García-Dávila; Darias, Maria (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)
This study aimed at describing the normal bony skeleton of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer juveniles to use as a reference when assessing the adequacy of nutritional and environmental conditions in experimental rearing during the early developmental stages and to provide a baseline for characterizing skeletal anomalies that might appear in rearing trials with this species. Fertilized eggs and newly hatched P. punctifer larvae were incubated at 27.8 ± 0.4°C in two 60-L tanks (50-L water volume) connected to a clear water recirculating system. At 3 days post fertilization – dpf (2 days post hatching – dph) larvae were reared in three 40-L tanks (30-L water volume; initial n = 2700 larvae per tank; 28.3 ± 0.4°C, pH 6.9 ± 0.2, dissolved oxygen 8.2 ± 0.5 mg L−1, N–NO2 0.04 ± 0.02 mg L−1, N–NH4 0.14 ± 0.05 mg L−1; 0L:24D photoperiod) and fed as follows: non-enriched Artemia spp. nauplii from 4 to 21 dpf (3–20 dph) and a commercial compound diet from 18 dpf onwards. Pseudoplatystoma punctifer juveniles (23.2 ± 5.5 mm standard length, SL, n = 58) were stained with alizarin red and their skeletal structures analysed and identified under stereoscope. Pseudoplatystoma punctifer presents an osseous skeleton typical of catfishes, consisting of a broad and depressed skull containing small eyes, 43–44 vertebrae (44 being the most frequent), a caudal fin complex composed of one epural, five hypurals, one parhypural and two hypurapophyses, dorsal and pectoral fins with spines and anal and adipose fins. The observed occurrence of several skeletal anomalies indicates that the rearing conditions might have been suboptimal.

Detailed reconstruction of the nervous and muscular system of Lobatocerebridae with an evaluation of its annelid affinityAbstractBackgroundResultsConclusions - Kerbl, Alexandra; Bekkouche, Nicolas; Sterrer, Wolfgang; Worsaae, Katrine (BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2015)

Did a "perfect storm" of oceanic changes and continental anthropogenic impacts cause northern hemisphere anguillid recruitment reductions? - Miller, M.J.; Eric Feunteun; Tsukamoto, K. (ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2015)

Dietary tracers in Bathyarca glacialis from contrasting trophic regions in the Canadian Arctic - Gaillard, B; Tarik Meziane; Réjean Tremblay; P Archambault; Layton, KKS; Martel, AL; Frédéric Olivier (Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2015)
Keywords: Bathyarca glacialis; Bivalve; Canadian Arctic Archipelago; FATMs; Fatty acid trophic markers; Non-methylene-interrupted fatty acid; Pelagic – benthic coupling

Dispersal and diving adjustments of green turtles in response to dynamic environmental conditions during post-nesting migration - Chambault, Philippine; Pinaud, David; Vantrepotte, Vincent; Kelle, Laurent; Entraygues, Mathieu; Guinet, Christophe; Berzins, Rachel; Bilo, Karin; Gaspar, Philippe; de Thoisy, Benoît; Le Maho, Yvon; Chevallier, Damien (PLOS ONE, 2015)

Dispersal capacities of anadromous Allis shad population inferred from a coupled genetic and otolith approach - Martin, J.; Rougemont, Q.; Drouineau, H.; Launey, S.; Jatteau, P.; Bareille, G.; Berail, S.; Pécheyran, C.; Eric Feunteun; Roques, S.; Clavé, D.; Nachón, D.J.; et al. (Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2015)

Diversification, Evolution and Sub-Functionalization of 70kDa Heat-Shock Proteins in Two Sister Species of Antarctic Krill: Differences in Thermal Habitats, Responses and Implications under Climate Change. - Cascella, Kévin; Jollivet, Didier; Papot, Claire; Nelly Léger; Corre, Erwan; Juliette Ravaux; Clark, Melody S; Toullec, Jean-Yves (PLoS One, 2015)
BACKGROUND: A comparative thermal tolerance study was undertaken on two sister species of Euphausiids (Antarctic krills) Euphausia superba and Euphausia crystallorophias. Both are essential components of the Southern Ocean ecosystem, but occupy distinct environmental geographical locations with slightly different temperature regimes. They therefore provide a useful model system for the investigation of adaptations to thermal tolerance. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING: Initial CTmax studies showed that E. superba was slightly more thermotolerant than E. crystallorophias. Five Hsp70 mRNAs were characterized from the RNAseq data of both species and subsequent expression kinetics studies revealed notable differences in induction of each of the 5 orthologues between the two species, with E. crystallorophias reacting more rapidly than E. superba. Furthermore, analyses conducted to estimate the evolutionary rates and selection strengths acting on each gene tended to support the hypothesis that diversifying selection has contributed to the diversification of this gene family, and led to the selective relaxation on the inducible C form with its possible loss of function in the two krill species. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of the epipelagic species E. crystallorophias to temperature variations and/or its adaptation to cold is enhanced when compared with its sister species, E. superba. These results indicate that ice krill could be the first of the two species to be impacted by the warming of coastal waters of the Austral ocean in the coming years due to climate change.

Diversity of trophic niches among herbivorous fishes on a Caribbean reef (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles), evidenced by stable isotope and gut content analyses - Charlotte R. Dromard; Yolande Bouchon-Navaro; Mireille Harmelin-Vivien; Claude Bouchon (Journal of Sea Reasearch, 2015)
Keywords: Caribbean reefs; functional diversity; gut contents; herbivorous fishes; Stable isotopes; trophic niches

DNA Barcoding Indonesian freshwater fishes: challenges and prospects. - Hubert, Nicolas; Kadarusman; Wibowo, A; Frédéric Busson; Caruso, D.; Sulandari, S.; Nafiqoh, N; Rüber, L; Pouyaud, L; Avarre, JC; Herder, F; Hanner, R; et al. (DNA barcode, 2015)
Keywords: Checklist; DNA barcoding; Southeast Asia

DNA barcoding of Javanese and Balinese freshwater fishes: molecular insights into a poorly known ichthyofauna. - Darhuddin, H.; Hutama, A.; Frédéric Busson; Sauri, S; Philippe Keith; Hanner, R; Hadiaty, Renny; Hubert, Nicolas (Genome, 2015)

Do Sicydium punctatum adults move in the Caribbean estuaries? New insight from strontium isotopes. - Hélène Tabouret; Monti, Dominique; Martin, J; Berail, S; Pécheyran, C; Philippe Keith; Bareille, Gilles (Life and environment, 2015)
Keywords: INSULAR RIVERS; MICROCHEMISTRY; MIGRATIONS; otolith; SICYDIINAE.; STRONTIUM

Does a short-term exposure to cadmium chloride affects haemocyte parameters of the marine gastropod Haliotis tuberculata? - Ladhar-Chaabouni, R; Machreki-Ajmi, Monia; Antoine Serpentini; Jean-Marc Lebel; Hamza-Chaffai, A (Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2015)
In this study, a model based on primary cultured haemocytes from the gastropod mollusc Haliotis tuberculata was established to investigate the effects of cadmium chloride in vitro. Cells were exposed for 24 h to CdCl2 concentrations of 0, 1 and 100 μg ml(-1). The effects of cadmium on haemocyte parameters were investigated using morphological, spectrophotometric and flow cytometry analysis. Results showed that cadmium has no significant effects on cell viability and phagocytotic activity under the tested conditions. However, haemocytes became more rounded after cadmium exposure, which could explain the significant decrease of cell area beginning at 1 μg ml(-1) of CdCl2.

The Dopaminergic Neurons Controlling Anterior Pituitary Functions: Anatomy and Ontogenesis in Zebrafish. - Fontaine, Romain; Affaticati, Pierre; Bureau, Charlotte; Colin, Ingrid; Demarque, Michaël; Sylvie Dufour; Vernier, Philippe; Yamamoto, Kei; Pasqualini, Catherine (Endocrinology, 2015)
Dopaminergic (DA) neurons located in the preoptico-hypothalamic region of the brain exert a major neuroendocrine control on reproduction, growth and homeostasis by regulating the secretion of anterior pituitary (or adenohypophysis) hormones. Here, using a retrograde tract tracing experiment, we identified the neurons playing this role in the zebrafish. The DA cells projecting directly to the anterior pituitary are localized in the most anteroventral part of the preoptic area, and we named them preoptico-hypophyseal DA (POHDA) neurons. During development, these neurons do not appear before 72 hours post fertilization (hpf) and are the last dopaminergic cell group to differentiate. We found that the number of neurons in this cell population continues to increase life-long, proportionally to the growth of the fish. BrdU incorporation analysis suggested that this increase is due to continuous neurogenesis and not due to a phenotypic change in already existing neurons. Finally, expression profiles of several genes (foxg1a, dlx2a and nr4a2a/b) were different in the POHDA compared to the adjacent suprachiasmatic DA neurons, suggesting that POHDA neurons develop as a distinct DA cell population in the preoptic area. This study offers some insights into the regional identity of the preoptic area and provides the first bases for future functional genetic studies on the development of DA neurons controlling anterior pituitary functions.

Is drift the primary process promoting the resilience of river invertebrate communities? A manipulative field experiment in an intermittent alluvial river - R. Vander Vorste; F. Malard; T. Datry (Freshwater Biology, 2015)
ABSTRACT: 1. In river systems, aquatic invertebrate communities are surprisingly persistent over time and generally recover quickly from disturbances. Drift has long been viewed as the primary process promoting this resilience, and it plays a important role in predictive models of community composition and concepts in lotic ecology. More recently, other processes such as vertical migration from the hyporheic zone, aerial oviposition from distant refuges and the use of resistance forms (e.g. diapause) have received greater recognition and support for their importance. 2. In this study, the view that drift is the primary process promoting invertebrate community resilience was challenged in an intermittent alluvial river using reach-scale flow manipulations. First, six treatment channels were completely dried for 1 week, while three others were left flowing to be used as controls. Second, flow was re-established in channels and drift was either allowed or blocked for a 4-week period. Third, during this period the resilience of community structure, composition and function was compared between treatments, and the potential for colonisation from the drift, hyporheic zone, aerial oviposition and resistance forms was measured. 3. Communities recovered after only 2 weeks in all of the previously dried channels, and contrary to our hypotheses, invertebrate community structure, composition and functional trait composition were not altered by blocking drift, indicating it was not the primary process promoting resilience in this river. 4. Three lines of evidence suggested colonisation from the hyporheic zone and not aerial oviposition nor resistance forms promoted resilience following rewetting including the following: (i) finding all common benthic taxa in the hyporheic zone during the drying event, (ii) a distinct decrease in invertebrate size upon rewetting in all treatment channels and (iii) a negative correlation between resilience and water table depth. 5. This experiment highlighted the potential importance of the hyporheic zone as a key source of colonisation in alluvial rivers and emphasises the need for a three-dimensional perspective when considering community resilience in rivers. Adaptive management approaches are needed to direct attention to sources (e.g. hyporheic zone) that are essential to promoting community resilience in rivers facing increased pressures due to climate change, water abstraction and flow regime alteration.

Duplicated leptin receptors in two species of eel bring new insights into the evolution of the leptin system in vertebrates. - Morini, Marina; Pasquier, Jérémy; Dirks, Ron; van den Thillart, Guido; Tomkiewicz, Jonna; Karine Rousseau; Sylvie Dufour; Anne-Gaelle Lafont (PLoS One, 2015)
Since its discovery in mammals as a key-hormone in reproduction and metabolism, leptin has been identified in an increasing number of tetrapods and teleosts. Tetrapods possess only one leptin gene, while most teleosts possess two leptin genes, as a result of the teleost third whole genome duplication event (3R). Leptin acts through a specific receptor (LEPR). In the European and Japanese eels, we identified two leptin genes, and for the first time in vertebrates, two LEPR genes. Synteny analyses indicated that eel LEPRa and LEPRb result from teleost 3R. LEPRb seems to have been lost in the teleost lineage shortly after the elopomorph divergence. Quantitative PCRs revealed a wide distribution of leptins and LEPRs in the European eel, including tissues involved in metabolism and reproduction. Noticeably, leptin1 was expressed in fat tissue, while leptin2 in the liver, reflecting subfunctionalization. Four-month fasting had no impact on the expression of leptins and LEPRs in control European eels. This might be related to the remarkable adaptation of silver eel metabolism to long-term fasting throughout the reproductive oceanic migration. In contrast, sexual maturation induced differential increases in the expression of leptins and LEPRs in the BPG-liver axis. Leptin2 was strikingly upregulated in the liver, the central organ of the reproductive metabolic challenge in teleosts. LEPRs were differentially regulated during sexual maturation, which may have contributed to the conservation of the duplicated LEPRs in this species. This suggests an ancient and positive role of the leptin system in the vertebrate reproductive function. This study brings new insights on the evolutionary history of the leptin system in vertebrates. Among extant vertebrates, the eel represents a unique case of duplicated leptins and leptin receptors as a result of 3R.

Ecological research and management of intermittent rivers: an historical review and future directions - C. Leigh; A.J. Boulton; J. Courtwright; T. Datry (Freshwater Biology, 2015)
ABSTRACT: 1. Rivers and streams that do not flow permanently (herein intermittent rivers; IRs) make up a large proportion of the world's inland waters and are gaining widespread attention. We review the research on IRs from its early focus on natural history through to current application in management and policy. 2. The few early studies of the ecology of IRs were largely descriptive. Nevertheless, in the 1970s, synthesis of this sparse research complemented work on temporary standing waters to found a powerful framework for much of the subsequent research on IRs. 3. Research on the ecology and biogeochemistry of IRs continues to fuel our understanding of resistance and resilience to drying and flooding as disturbances. Syntheses of the growing literature, including cross-continental and cross-climate comparisons, are revealing the generality and individuality of ecological and ecosystem responses to flow cessation and surface water loss. Meanwhile, increasing numbers of experiments test the causality of these responses. 4. Much of the increased consideration of IRs in research, management and policy is driven by the observed and projected shifts in flow regimes from perennial to intermittent associated with changes in land and water use and climate, superimposed on the high incidence of natural intermittency. The need to protect and better manage IRs is prompting researchers to develop new or modified methods to monitor flow status and assess the ecological condition of these systems. 5. Intermittent river research and management will benefit from greater exploration of aquatic–terrestrial linkages, wet–dry cycling and temporal dynamics, more-detailed mapping and predictive modelling of flow intermittency and the application of metapopulation and metacommunity concepts alongside multiple-stressors and novel-ecosystems research. By building on existing knowledge, continuing to develop quantitative models and distribution maps and using experiments to test hypotheses and concepts, we can further ecological understanding and wise management of these ubiquitous ecosystems.

Editorial: A Comparative Survey of the RF-Amide Peptide Superfamily. - Karine Rousseau; Sylvie Dufour; Vaudry, Hubert (Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2015)

The effect of thermal shock during diel vertical migration on the energy required for oceanic migration of the European silver eel - Thomas Trancart; Tudorache, C.; van den Thillart, G.E.E.J.M.; Anthony Acou; Alexandre Carpentier; Boinet, C.; Gouchet, G.; Eric Feunteun (Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 2015)

Effects of subchronic exposure to glyphosate in juvenile oysters (Crassostrea gigas): From molecular to individual levels. - Mottier, A; Séguin, Alexis; Devos, Alexandre; Le Pabic, C; Voiseux, C; Lebel, Jean-Marc; Antoine Serpentini; Fievet, B; Katherine Costil (Mar Pollut Bull, 2015)
Glyphosate-based herbicides are extensively used and can be measured in aquatic ecosystems, including coastal waters. The effect of glyphosate on non-target organisms is an issue of worldwide concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of subchronic exposure to glyphosate in juvenile oysters, Crassostrea gigas. Yearling oysters were exposed to three concentrations of glyphosate (0.1, 1 and 100μgL(-1)) for 56days. Various endpoints were studied, from the individual level (e.g., gametogenesis and tissue alterations) to the molecular level (mRNA quantification), including biochemical endpoints such as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase activities and malondialdehyde content. No mortality and growth occurred during the experiment, and individual biomarkers revealed only slight effects. The levels of gene expression significantly increased in oysters exposed to the highest glyphosate concentration (GST and metallothioneins) or to all concentrations (multi-xenobiotic resistance). These results suggested an activation of defence mechanisms at the molecular level.

Effet du matériau du récif artificiel sur la colonisation par les macroalgues en conditions contrôlées - Lestarquit, Mabel; Isabelle Mussio; Anne-Marie Rusig; Pascal Claquin (Proceedings of the Congress on artificial reefs : from materials to ecosystems, 2015)

The endocrine-disrupting effect and other physiological responses of municipal effluent on the clam Ruditapes decussatus. - Mezghani-Chaari, Sawssan; Machreki-Ajmi, Monia; Tremolet, Gauthier; Kristell Kellner-Cousin; Geffard, Alain; Minier, Christophe; Hamza-Chaffai, Amel (Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2015)
In order to document the potential endocrine disrupting and toxic effect of the municipal wastewater effluents discharged into the Sfax coastal area (South of Tunisia), specimens of clam R. decussatus were collected from a reference site and were in vivo exposed to treated sewage effluent for 30 days. To this end, estrogenic and androgenic activities were measured in the gills to assess potential accumulation and regulation of active compounds. After effluent exposure androgenic activity in organic extracts increased up to fivefold compared to controls and remained elevated, while estrogenic activity was not significantly affected by exposure. As a consequence, remarkable disruptions in the gametogenesis activity, glycogen content, and Vitellogenin-like protein levels in male clams were observed. A parallel analysis of heavy metals in clam tissues was determined. A significant uptake of Ni, Zn, and Pb in soft tissues of exposed clams was observed. The significant increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations as a function of exposure time implies that clams have been exposed to an oxidative stress probably due to the presence of high metal concentrations in sewage effluent. Correlation analysis has revealed a statistically significant and positive relationship between MDA levels and metal concentrations in clams' tissues. The acetylcholinesterase activity was not significantly affected by exposure. Altogether, these results showed that a short-term exposure to a mixture of chemical compounds released by the Sfax wastewater treatment plant induce adverse physiological and reproductive effects in R. decussatus. Further studies are underway in order to evaluate its long-term impacts on aquatic wildlife in the gulf of Gabes area.

The endocrine-disrupting effect and other physiological responses of municipal effluent on the clam Ruditapes decussatus - Mezghani-Chaari, Sawssan; Monia Machreki-Ajmi; Gauthier Tremolet; Kristell Kellner-Cousin; Alain Geffard; Christophe Minier; Hamza-Chaffai, Amel (Environ Sci Pollut Res Int., 2015)

Environmental microbiology as a mosaic of explored ecosystems and issues - Faure, Denis; Bonin, Patricia; Duran, Robert; The EC2CO consortium (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015)
Keywords: Critical zone; Environmental microbiology; Microbial ecology; Microbial ecosystems

Epsilonproteobacteria as gill epibionts of the hydrothermal vent gastropod Cyathermia naticoides (North East-Pacific Rise) - Magali Zbinden; Marqué, Lise; Sylvie M Gaudron; Juliette Ravaux; Nelly Léger; Sébastien Duperron (Marine Biology, 2015)
Mollusks, and particularly gastropods, are one of the major taxonomic groups at vents. In these ecosystems, devoid of light, chemoautotrophic bacteria are at the base of the food web and symbiotic association between metazoa and these bacteria is numerous. Nevertheless, apart few “large-size” well-known species, the “small-size” gastropods (shell <5 mm), although very abundant, remain poorly studied regarding symbioses. We investigated here Cyathermia naticoides (Warén and Bouchet in Zool Scr 18(1), 1989), a small coiled gastropod found in abundance on the East Pacific Rise among Riftia pachyptila tubes, and usually inferred to graze on tubeworm bacterial cover, and/or filter feeding. Among mollusks, symbioses are well known in large species and almost exclusively rely on sulfide or methane-oxidizing proteobacterial endosymbionts, occurring within the host tissues in gill epithelial bacteriocytes. Combining several approaches (molecular biology, microscopy, stable isotopes analyses), we described here an unusual symbiosis, where autotrophic filamentous Epsilonproteobacteria are located extracellularly, at the base of host gill filaments. Numerous endocytotic lysosome-like structures were observed in the gill epithelium of the animal suggesting bacteria may contribute to its nutrition through intracellular digestion by gill cells. Additional food source by non-symbiotic proteobacteria grazed on R. pachyptila tubes could complete the diet. The possible role of temperature in the selection of Epsilon- vs Gammaproteobacterial partners is discussed.

Exploitation of intertidal feeding ressources by the red knot Calidris canutus under megatidal conditions (Bay of Saint-Brieuc, France) - Anthony Sturbois; Alain Ponsero; Nicolas Desroy; Patrick Le Mao; Jérôme Fournier (Journal of Sea Research, 2015)

Exploring the potential of small RNA subunit and ITS sequences for resolving phylogenetic relationships within the phylum Ctenophora - Simion, Paul; Bekkouche, Nicolas; Jager, Muriel; Quéinnec, Eric; Manuel, Michael (Zoology, 2015)

Extreme climate events and individual heterogeneity shape life-history traits and population dynamics - Jenouvrier, Stéphanie; Clara Péron; Weimerskirch, H. (Ecological Monographs, 2015)

First faunal inventory of large branchiopods (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Western Maharashtra, India with taxonomical and distributional comments. - Padhye, Sameer; Nicolas Rabet; Ghate, Hemant (Zootaxa, 2015)
An updated inventory of large branchiopods of the Western Maharashtra state, India is presented for the first time. Employing current identification keys, we have detailed the egg morphology of Eulimnadia indocylindrova, which shares some similarities with E. geayi from South America and E. alluaudi from Madagascar, based on these egg characters. A thorough re-description of few morphological traits of the same species is also presented. We also have described the female of a Cyzicus species seen rarely from the studied region. Distributional comments on few species are also reported.

Foraging habits of reef fishes associated with mangroves and seagrass beds in a Caribbean lagoon: a stable isotope approach. - Vaslet, Amandine; Yolande Bouchon-Navaro; Mireille Harmelin-Vivien; Lepoint, Gilles; Louis, Max; Claude Bouchon (Ciencias marinas, 2015)

Foraminiferal assemblages as bioindicators to assess potential pollution in mangroves used as a natural biofilter for shrimp farm effluents (New Caledonia) - Debenay, J-P; Cyril Marchand; Nathalie Molnar; Adélaide Aschenbroich; Tarik Meziane (Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2015)
In New Caledonia, semi-intensive shrimp farms release untreated effluents into the mangrove. Foraminiferal assemblages were analyzed for assessing the impact of effluent release on the benthic compartment. Comparison was made between samples collected (1) in an effluent receiving mangrove before and after the rearing cycle, and (2) for one-year monitoring an effluent receiving and a control mangrove. The distribution of foraminiferal assemblages was primarily driven by the gradient between Rhizophora stands and salt-flats, related to salinity and tidal elevation, and by seasonal cycles. The potential impact of effluent release was due to the combined effects of normal-saline effluents on surface salinity, and of nutrient input and microbial stimulation on food availability. Foraminiferal assemblages did not indicate a substantial impact of farm effluents and suggest that semi-intensive shrimp farming using mangrove for effluent discharge may appear as a sustainable solution in New Caledonia, when considering only the impact on the mangrove itself.
Keywords: Effluents; fatty acids; Foraminifera; Mangrove; Shrimp farming; SW Pacific

The freshwater fish fauna history between Rhine and Ebro: general considerations and comments from on-going developments in fish taxonomy. - Persat, Henri; Denys, Gaël; Dettai, Agnès; Philippe Keith (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2015)

Freshwater neritids (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of tropical islands, amphidromy as a life cycle, a review - Ahmed Abdou; Philippe Keith; René Galzin (Revue d’écologie (Terre et Vie), 2015)

Freshwater neritids (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of tropical islands, amphidromy as a life cycle, a review. (Revue d’écologie (Terre et Vie), 2015)

From current distinctiveness to future homogeneization of the world’s freshwater fish faunas - S. Villéger; S. Blanchet; O. Beauchard; Thierry Oberdorff; S. Brosse (Diversity and Distributions, 2015)

Future vulnerability of marine biodiversity compared with contemporary and past changes - Grégory Beaugrand; Martin Edwards; Raybaud, V.; Goberville, Eric; Richard R Kirby (Nature Climate Change, 2015)
© 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. Many studies have implied significant effects of global climate change on marine life. Setting these alterations into the context of historical natural change has not been attempted so far, however. Here, using a theoretical framework, we estimate the sensitivity of marine pelagic biodiversity to temperature change and evaluate its past (mid-Pliocene and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)), contemporaneous (1960-2013) and future (2081-2100; 4 scenarios of warming) vulnerability. Our biodiversity reconstructions were highly correlated to real data for several pelagic taxa for the contemporary and the past (LGM and mid-Pliocene) periods. Our results indicate that local species loss will be a prominent phenomenon of climate warming in permanently stratified regions, and that local species invasion will prevail in temperate and polar biomes under all climate change scenarios. Although a small amount of warming under the RCP2.6 scenario is expected to have a minor influence on marine pelagic biodiversity, moderate warming (RCP4.5) will increase by threefold the changes already observed over the past 50 years. Of most concern is that severe warming (RCP6.0 and 8.5) will affect marine pelagic biodiversity to a greater extent than temperature changes that took place between either the LGM or the mid-Pliocene and today, over an area of between 50 (RCP6.0: 46.9-52.4{%}) and 70{%} (RCP8.5: 69.4-73.4{%}) of the global ocean.

Genetic variation among Corsican and continental populations of the Eurasian treecreeper (Aves: Certhia familiaris) reveals the existence of a palaeoendemic mitochondrial lineage - Jean-Marc Pons; Jean-Claude Thibault; Jérôme Fournier; Georges Olioso; Marko Rakovic; Guido Tellini Florenzano; Jérôme Fuchs (Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015)
In this study we investigated the phylogenetics of the Eurasian treecreeper (Certhia familiaris), a forest passerine with a wide Palaearctic range including Corsica, using three mitochondrial genes and three nuclear introns, and its phylogeographic history using the COI gene. Our phylogenetic results, including eight of the ten sub-species currently recognized, support the monophyly of C. familiaris with respect to its Indo-Asian sister species C. hodgsoni. C. familiaris comprises two lineages that diverged during the mid-Pleistocene (c. 1 Myr): one palaeoendemic lineage has an allopatric range nowadays restricted to the Corsica island and the Caucasus region whereas the second one, more recent and widespread, is distributed over most of Eurasia and in northern China. The most likely scenario that may explain such a pattern is a double colonization of the western Palaearctic from the eastern range of the species. During the middle Pleistocene period, a first lineage expanded its range up into Europe but did not persist through glacial cycles except in Corsica and the Caucasus region. Later, during the upper Pleistocene, a second lineage began to diversify around 0.09 Myr, spreading towards the western Palaearctic from a unique refuge likely located in the eastern Palaearctic [correction added on 6 March 2015 after first online publication: 0.9 Myr amended to 0.09 Myr]. Apart from C. f. corsa, our results do not suggest any distinct evolutionary history for other sub-species previously described on morphological grounds in Europe. Our study highlights the important conservation value of the Corsican treecreeper and emphasizes the major role of mature pine forests in the evolution of endemic bird taxa in Corsica.

Géographie et écologie du paysage - Jérôme Fournier (Pour une géographie de la conservation: Biodiversités, natures et sociétés, 2015)

GigaTON: an extensive publicly searchable database providing a new reference transcriptome in the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. - Guillaume Rivière; Klopp, Christophe; Ibouniyamine, Nabihoudine; Huvet, Arnaud; Boudry, Pierre; Pascal Favrel (BMC Bioinformatics, 2015)
BACKGROUND: The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is one of the most important aquaculture shellfish resources worldwide. Important efforts have been undertaken towards a better knowledge of its genome and transcriptome, which makes now C. gigas becoming a model organism among lophotrochozoans, the under-described sister clade of ecdysozoans within protostomes. These massive sequencing efforts offer the opportunity to assemble gene expression data and make such resource accessible and exploitable for the scientific community. Therefore, we undertook this assembly into an up-to-date publicly available transcriptome database: the GigaTON (Gigas TranscriptOme pipeliNe) database. DESCRIPTION: We assembled 2204 million sequences obtained from 114 publicly available RNA-seq libraries that were realized using all embryo-larval development stages, adult organs, different environmental stressors including heavy metals, temperature, salinity and exposure to air, which were mostly performed as part of the Crassostrea gigas genome project. This data was analyzed in silico and resulted into 56621 newly assembled contigs that were deposited into a publicly available database, the GigaTON database. This database also provides powerful and user-friendly request tools to browse and retrieve information about annotation, expression level, UTRs, splice and polymorphism, and gene ontology associated to all the contigs into each, and between all libraries. CONCLUSIONS: The GigaTON database provides a convenient, potent and versatile interface to browse, retrieve, confront and compare massive transcriptomic information in an extensive range of conditions, tissues and developmental stages in Crassostrea gigas. To our knowledge, the GigaTON database constitutes the most extensive transcriptomic database to date in marine invertebrates, thereby a new reference transcriptome in the oyster, a highly valuable resource to physiologists and evolutionary biologists.
Keywords: Animals; Base Sequence; Computational Biology; Crassostrea; Databases, Genetic; Gene Library; Gene Ontology; Genome; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Molecular Sequence Data; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Software; Transcriptome

Global diversity patterns of freshwater fishes - potential victims of their own success - Pelayo-Villamil, Patricia; Guisande, Castor; Vari, Richard P.; Manjarrez-HernÃ¡ndez, Ana; Garcia-Rosello, Emilio; Gonzalez-Dacosta, Jacinto; Heine, Jurgen; Gonzalez Vilas, Luis; Patti, Bernardo; Quinci, Enza Maria; Jimenez, Luz Fernanda; Granado-Lorencio, Carlos; et al. (Diversity and Distributions, 2015)

Gonadal transcriptome analysis of wild contaminated female European eels during artificial gonad maturation. - Baillon, Lucie; Oses, Jennifer; Pierron, Fabien; Bureau du Colombier, Sarah; Caron, Antoine; Normandeau, Eric; Lambert, Patrick; Couture, Patrice; Labadie, Pierre; Budzinski, Hélène; Sylvie Dufour; Bernatchez, Louis; et al. (Chemosphere, 2015)
Since the early 1980s, the population of European eels (Anguilla anguilla) has dramatically declined. Nowadays, the European eel is listed on the red list of threatened species (IUCN Red List) and is considered as critically endangered of extinction. Pollution is one of the putative causes for the collapse of this species. Among their possible effects, contaminants gradually accumulated in eels during their somatic growth phase (yellow eel stage) would be remobilized during their reproductive migration leading to potential toxic events in gonads. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of organic and inorganic contaminants on the gonad development of wild female silver eels. Female silver eels from two sites with differing contamination levels were artificially matured. Transcriptomic analyses by means of a 1000 candidate gene cDNA microarray were performed on gonads after 11weeks of maturation to get insight into the mechanisms of toxicity of contaminants. The transcription levels of several genes, that were associated to the gonadosomatic index (GSI), were involved in mitotic cell division but also in gametogenesis. Genes associated to contaminants were mainly involved in the mechanisms of protection against oxidative stress, in DNA repair, in the purinergic signaling pathway and in steroidogenesis, suggesting an impairment of gonad development in eels from the polluted site. This was in agreement with the fact that eels from the reference site showed a higher gonad growth in comparison to contaminated fish.

Growth, survival and the histology of the digestive tract of juvenile Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (Cuvier, 1829) fed three diets containing different protein and lipid levels - Darias, Maria; Gómez, M. A.; Salvador Tello; Gisbert, E (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)
The influence of three commercial diets with different protein and lipid contents (40 : 14, 45 : 8, 48 : 8 protein : lipid – P : L, in % dry weight of diet) on growth performance, survival and the histology of the liver and intestine was analysed in early juveniles of silver arowana, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum, reared in captivity. Individuals (initial wet weight–Wi = 1.07 ± 0.04 g; total length–TL = 6.0 ± 0.17 cm) were raised in triplicate (n = 12 fish per tank) at 26.2 ± 0.1°C and fed one of three commercial diets over 60 days. At the end of the trial, survival (90.5 ± 3.3%) and condition factor (0.5 ± 0.02) were not affected by dietary treatments, whereas specific growth rate, TL and W gain were lower in animals fed the 40P : 14L diet. Histological analysis revealed a larger accumulation of lipid droplets in the intestines of the group supplied with the 40P : 14L diet, as well as a larger surface of hepatic lipid vacuoles compared to the other treatments, although no signs of steatosis were observed. Juveniles fed the 48P : 8L diet displayed the lowest liver lipid accumulation; however, a protein content higher than 45% did not improve growth performance. The intestine and liver lipid accumulation of individuals fed the 45P : 8L diet might indicate a more balanced lipidic metabolism. Intestine and liver histologies proved to be useful markers to identify the nutritional condition in juveniles of O. bicirrhosum, even when differences in nutritional composition were subtle (i.e. protein variation of 3%).

High clonality in Acropora palmata and Acropora cervicornis populations of Guadeloupe, French Lesser Antilles. - Japaud, Aurélien; Claude Bouchon; Manceau, Jean-Lou; Fauvelot, Cécile (Marine and Freshwater Research, 2015)

How are microbial and detrital sources partitioned among and within gastropods species at East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vents? - Sylvie M Gaudron; Marqué, Lise; Eric Thiébaut; Riera, Pascal; Duperron, Sébastien; Magali Zbinden (Marine Ecology, 2015)
Abstract For the last few decades, trophic ecology has usually been investigated by using stable isotopes. However, the isotopic signatures of potential food sources in hydrothermal vent ecosystems are often unknown and so their relative contribution to the consumers’ diet, as well as resource partitioning, are then difficult to estimate. Here, we used a recent Bayesian mixing model (stable isotope analysis in R, SIAR) based on δ13C and δ15N to estimate the contribution of multiple food sources to the diet of eight vent gastropods that can reach high densities at hydrothermal vents (Lepetodrilus elevatus, Lepetodrilus pustulosus, Lepetodrilus ovalis, Eulepetopsis vitrea, Cyathermia naticoides, Peltospira delicata, Peltospira operculata and Rhynchopelta concentrica). These species, known as primary consumers (mostly bacterivores and detritivores), were sampled on the South-East Pacific Rise at 17°25′ S and the North-East Pacific Rise at 9°50′ N and 12°50′ N. Several potential food sources were sampled according to the gastropod habitat on the chimney wall, or mussel beds (proxies of Gammaproteobacteria form I RubisCO, Gammaproteobacteria form II RubisCO and Epsilonproteobacteria, biofilms of siboglinid and alvinellid tubes, biofilms of mussel shells and particulate organic matter). Some of these microbial and detrital sources were confirmed as present in the gut content of some small specimens by transmission electron microscopy. Distinct stable isotopic signatures of the potential food sources allowed calculation of their relative contributions to primary consumers’ diets. This revealed that gastropod species living on siboglinid or bathymodiolin habitats are usually generalists, feeding on various pools of microbial or detrital origins. For a particular habitat, sympatric gastropod species partition the food sources, thus avoiding being in competition. Only for the alvinellid habitat Peltospira spp. appeared to be more specialists as the choice of food sources is more reduced.
Keywords: Chemosynthetic; gastropods; mixing model; Stable isotopes; trophic niche; vents

How Egg Case Proteins Can Protect Cuttlefish Offspring? - Cornet, Valérie; Joël Henry; Goux, Didier; Duval, Emilie; Bernay, Benoît; Gildas Le Corguille; Corre, Erwan; Céline Zatylny-Gaudin (PLoS One, 2015)
Sepia officinalis egg protection is ensured by a complex capsule produced by the female accessory genital glands and the ink bag. Our study is focused on the proteins constituting the main egg case. De novo transcriptomes from female genital glands provided essential databases for protein identification. A proteomic approach in SDS-PAGE coupled with MS unveiled a new egg case protein family: SepECPs, for Sepia officinalis Egg Case Proteins. N-glycosylation was demonstrated by PAS staining SDS-PAGE gels. These glycoproteins are mainly produced in the main nidamental glands. SepECPs share high sequence homology, especially in the signal peptide and the three cysteine-rich domains. SepECPs have a high number of cysteines, with conserved motifs involved in 3D-structure. SDS-PAGE showed that SepECPs could form dimers; this result was confirmed by TEM observations, which also revealed a protein network. This network is similar to the capsule network, and it associates these structural proteins with polysaccharides, melanin and bacteria to form a tight mesh. Its hardness and elasticity provide physical protection to the embryo. In addition, SepECPs also have bacteriostatic antimicrobial activity on GRAM- bacteria. By observing the SepECP / Vibrio aestuarianus complex in SEM, we demonstrated the ability of these proteins to agglomerate bacteria and thus inhibit their growth. These original proteins identified from the outer egg case ensure the survival of the species by providing physical and chemical protection to the embryos released in the environment without any maternal protection.

Hydrothermal Fe cycling and deep ocean organic carbon scavenging: Model-based evidence for significant POC supply to seafloor sediments - German, C. R.; Legendre, L; Sander, S. G.; Nathalie Niquil; LutherIII, G. W.; Bharati, L.; Han, X.; Le Bris, Nadine (EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS, 2015)
Submarine hydrothermal venting has recently been identified to have the potential to impact ocean biogeochemistry at the global scale. This is the case because processes active in hydrothermal plumes are so vigorous that the residence time of the ocean, with respect to cycling through hydrothermal plumes, is comparable to that of deep ocean mixing caused by thermohaline circulation. Recently, it has been argued that seafloor venting may provide a significant source of bio-essential Fe to the oceans as the result of a close coupling between Fe and organic carbon in hydrothermal plumes. But a complementary question remains to be addressed: does this same intimate Fe-C-org association in hydrothermal plumes cause any related impact to the global C cycle? To address this, SCOR-InterRidge Working Group 135 developed a modeling approach to synthesize site-specific field data from the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 50' N hydrothermal field, where the range of requisite data sets is most complete, and combine those inputs with global estimates for dissolved Fe inputs from venting to the oceans to establish a coherent model with which to investigate hydrothermal C-org cycling. The results place new constraints on submarine Fe vent fluxes worldwide, including an indication that the majority of Fe supplied to hydrothermal plumes should come from entrainment of diffuse flow. While this same entrainment is not predicted to enhance the supply of dissolved organic carbon to hydrothermal plumes by more than similar to 10% over background values, what the model does indicate is that scavenging of carbon in association with Fe-rich hydrothermal plume particles should play a significant role in the delivery of particulate organic carbon to deep ocean sediments, worldwide. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Identification of key marine areas for conservation based on satellite tracking of post-nesting migrating green turtles (Chelonia mydas) - Baudouin, Marie; de Thoisy, Benoît; Chambault, Philippine; Berzins, Rachel; Entraygues, Mathieu; Kelle, Laurent; Turny, Avasania; Le Maho, Yvon; Chevallier, Damien (Biological Conservation, 2015)

Immune and Stress Responses in Oysters with Insights on Adaptation. - Guo, Ximing; He, Yan; Zhang, Linlin; Christophe Lelong; Jouaux, Aude (Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2015)
Oysters are representative bivalve molluscs that are widely distributed in world oceans. As successful colonizers of estuaries and intertidal zones, oysters are remarkably resilient against harsh environmental conditions including wide fluctuations in temperature and salinity as well as prolonged air exposure. Oysters have no adaptive immunity but can thrive in microbe-rich estuaries as filter-feeders. These unique adaptations make oysters interesting models to study the evolution of host-defense systems. Recent advances in genomic studies including sequencing of the oyster genome have provided insights into oyster's immune and stress responses underlying their amazing resilience. Studies show that the oyster genomes are highly polymorphic and complex, which may be key to their resilience. The oyster genome has a large gene repertoire that is enriched for immune and stress response genes. Thousands of genes are involved in oyster's immune and stress responses, through complex interactions, with many gene families expanded showing high sequence, structural and functional diversity. The high diversity of immune receptors and effectors may provide oysters with enhanced specificity in immune recognition and response to cope with diverse pathogens in the absence of adaptive immunity. Some members of expanded immune gene families have diverged to function at different temperatures and salinities or assumed new roles in abiotic stress response. Most canonical innate immunity pathways are conserved in oysters and supported by a large number of diverse and often novel genes. The great diversity in immune and stress response genes exhibited by expanded gene families as well as high sequence and structural polymorphisms may be central to oyster's adaptation to highly stressful and widely changing environments.

Impact of Galvanic Anode Dissolution onMetal Trace Element Concentrations in Marine Waters - Deborde, J; Refait, P; Paco Bustamante; Christelle Caplat; Basuyaux, O; Grolleau, AM; M-L Mahaut (water, air & soil pollution, 2015)
Submerged harbor steel structures often employ cathodic protection using galvanic anodes to guard against corrosion. A laboratory experiment, with three different cathodic protection configurations by galvanic aluminum-based anodes, was performed to evaluate the potential metal transfer from the anodic alloy dissolution into the surrounding marine water. The anode dissolution rate is proportional to the imposed current demands and induced a significant Al, In, and Zn transfer in the dissolved and particulate fractions of the corrosion product layers covering the anode surface. These layers were poorly adherent, even under low hydrodynamic conditions. Consequently, at the anode vicinity, the suspended particle matter and dissolved fraction of surrounding marine waters showed strong enrichments in Al and Zn, respectively, the values of which could potentially affect the adjacent biota. After the anode activation period, however, the metal inputs from galvanic anode dissolution are rapidly diluted by seawater renewal. At regional scale, these metal fluxes should be negligible compared to river and wastewater fluxes. These results also showed that it is difficult to assess the impact of the anode dissolution on the concentrations of metals in the natural environment, especially for metals included in trace amounts in the anode alloy (i.e., Cu, Fe, In, Mn, and Si) in the aquatic compartment.
Keywords: aluminium; galvanic anode; metal transfer; Seawater; Zinc

Impact of seaweed beachings on dynamics of δ(15)N isotopic signatures in marine macroalgae. - Stéphanie Lemesle; Isabelle Mussio; Anne-Marie Rusig; Florence Menet-Nédélec; Pascal Claquin (Mar Pollut Bull, 2015)
A fine-scale survey of δ(15)N, δ(13)C, tissue-N in seaweeds was conducted using samples from 17 sampling points at two sites (Grandcamp-Maisy (GM), Courseulles/Mer (COU)) along the French coast of the English Channel in 2012 and 2013. Partial triadic analysis was performed on the parameter data sets and revealed the functioning of three areas: one estuary (EstA) and two rocky areas (GM(∗), COU(∗)). In contrast to oceanic and anthropogenic reference points similar temporal dynamics characterized δ(15)N signatures and N contents at GM(∗) and COU(∗). Nutrient dynamics were similar: the N-concentrations in seawater originated from the River Seine and local coastal rivers while P-concentrations mainly from these local rivers. δ(15)N at GM(∗) were linked to turbidity suggesting inputs of autochthonous organic matter from large-scale summer seaweed beachings made up of a mixture of Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta species. This study highlights the coupling between seaweed beachings and nitrogen sources of intertidal macroalgae.

Impact of sediment grain-size and biofilm age on epipelic microphytobenthos resuspension - Martin Ubertini; Sébastien Lefebvre; Rakotomalala, C; Francis Orvain (Journal of Experimental Biology and ecology, 2015)

An improved taxonomic sampling is a necessary but not sufficient condition for resolving inter-families relationships in Caridean decapods. - Aznar-Cormano, L; Brisset, J; Chan, T-Y; Laure Corbari; Puillandre, N; Utge, J; Magali Zbinden; Zuccon, D; Samadi, S (Genetica, 2015)
During the past decade, a large number of multi-gene analyses aimed at resolving the phylogenetic relationships within Decapoda. However relationships among families, and even among sub-families, remain poorly defined. Most analyses used an incomplete and opportunistic sampling of species, but also an incomplete and opportunistic gene selection among those available for Decapoda. Here we test in the Caridea if improving the taxonomic coverage following the hierarchical scheme of the classification, as it is currently accepted, provides a better phylogenetic resolution for the inter-families relationships. The rich collections of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris are used for sampling as far as possible at least two species of two different genera for each family or subfamily. All potential markers are tested over this sampling. For some coding genes the amplification success varies greatly among taxa and the phylogenetic signal is highly saturated. This result probably explains the taxon-heterogeneity among previously published studies. The analysis is thus restricted to the genes homogeneously amplified over the whole sampling. Thanks to the taxonomic sampling scheme the monophyly of most families is confirmed. However the genes commonly used in Decapoda appear non-adapted for clarifying inter-families relationships, which remain poorly resolved. Genome-wide analyses, like transcriptome-based exon capture facilitated by the new generation sequencing methods might provide a sounder approach to resolve deep and rapid radiations like the Caridea.

Incorporating food-web parameter uncertainty into Ecopath-derived ecological network indicators - Guesnet, Vanessa; Géraldine Lassalle; Chaalali, Aurélie; Kearney, Kelly; Saint-Béat, B; Karimi, Battle; Grami, Boutheina; Samuele Tecchio; Nathalie Niquil; Lobry, Jeremy (ECOLOGICAL MODELLING, 2015)
Ecological network analysis (ENA) provides numerous ecosystem level indices offering a valuable approach to compare and categorize the ecological structure and function of ecosystems. The inclusion of ENA methods in Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) has insured their continued contribution to ecosystem-based management. In EwE, ENA-derived ecological conclusions are currently based on single values of ENA indices calculated from a unique input flow matrix. Here, we document an easy-to-use routine that allows EwE users to incorporate uncertainty in EwE input data into the calculation of ENA indices. This routine, named ENAtool, is a suite of Matlab functions that performs three main steps: (1) import of an existing Ecopath model and its associated parameter uncertainty values in the form of uncertainty intervals into Matlab; (2) generation of an ensemble of Ecopath models with the same structure as the original, and with parameter values varying based on the prescribed uncertainty limits; and (3) calculation of a set of 13 ENA indices for each ensemble member (one set of flow values) and of summary statistics across the whole ensemble. This novel routine offers the opportunity to calculate ENA indices ranges and confidence intervals, and thus to perform quantitative data analyses. An application of ENAtool on a pre-existing Ecopath model of the Bay of Biscay continental shelf is presented, with a focus on the robustness of previously published ENA-based ecological traits of this ecosystem when the newly introduced uncertainty values are added. We also describe the sensitivity of the ENAtool results to both the number of ensemble members used and to the uncertainty interval set around each input parameter. Ecological conclusions derived from EwE, particularly those regarding the comparison of structural and functional elements for a range of ecosystem types or the assessment of ecosystem properties along gradients of environmental conditions or anthropogenic disturbances, will gain in statistical interpretability. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Individual repeatability of foraging behaviour in a marine predator, the great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo - Potier, Simon; Alexandre Carpentier; Grémillet, David; Leroy, Boris; Lescroël, Amélie (Animal Behaviour, 2015)
Intrapopulation variability, especially individual foraging specialization, has been investigated in many species. Nevertheless, the repeatability of foraging behaviour remains poorly understood. In particular, whether individuals differ in their respective degrees of repeatability still remains to be determined. Here, we estimated foraging behaviour repeatability in the great cormorant, at both the population and the individual levels, and assessed the effect of repeatability on individual foraging performance. At the population level, we found that some foraging variables were more repeatable (e.g. departure angle and trip duration) than others (e.g. time spent underwater per trip). At the individual level, we found differences in the degree of repeatability for each foraging variable, highlighting the presence of both highly flexible and highly consistent individuals in the population. The effect of repeatability on individual performance depended on the considered timescale: individual-level repeatability of time spent underwater per dive was negatively related to foraging efficiency while individual-level repeatability of time spent underwater per trip was positively related to foraging efficiency. Overall, our study demonstrates the importance of studying repeatability at the individual level and shows how both flexibility and consistency in animal behaviour shape their ability to extract energy from the environment.
Keywords: behavioural consistency; foraging efficiency; individual flexibility; individual repeatability; piscivorous bird

Indo-Pacific Sicydiine Gobies: biodiversity, life traits and conservation. - Philippe Keith; Clara Lord; Maeda, Ken (Société Française d’Icthyologie, 2015)

Influence of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance and the incidence of cannibalism in Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Castelnau, 1855) larvae and early juveniles - Darias, Maria; Castro-Ruiz, D; Estivals, G; Quazuguel, Patrick; Fernández, C; Jesus Nuñez-Rodriguez; Clota, F.; Gilles, S; García-Dávila, C; Gisbert, E.; Cahu, Chantal L (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)
The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of different dietary protein and lipid levels and their ratios on larval growth, survival and the incidence of cannibalism in Pseudoplatystoma punctifer. Larvae were raised in a recirculation system from 3 to 26 days post-fertilization (dpf) (2–25 days post hatching, dph) at an initial density of 40 larvae L−1, 27.8 ± 0.65°C and 0L : 24D photoperiod. Larvae were fed from 4 to 12 dpf with Artemia nauplii and weaned onto four different compound diets from 13 dpf within 3 days, then fed exclusively with these diets until 26 dpf. These diets contained 30 : 15, 30 : 10, 45 : 15 or 45 : 10 protein : lipid (P : L) (in % of dry matter) levels. A control group was fed Artemia nauplii until 17 dpf and weaned thereafter with the 45P : 10L compound diet. The experiment was carried out in triplicate. Results showed higher growth and survival rates and lower incidence of cannibalism in the group fed the 45P : 15L diet than in the other treatments. Differences in larval survival and growth performance were associated with the higher protein and lipid content rather than the protein : lipid ratio of this diet. When comparing diets with the same protein level, the increase in dietary lipid led to an improvement in growth, suggesting that energy from lipids spares protein for growth in P. punctifer fingerlings. An Artemia feeding period longer than 12 dpf did not improve larval growth or survival.

Inputs from Microchemistry to the understanding of three Sicydiinae species’ life cycle. - Taillebois, Laura; Hélène Tabouret; Pécheyran, C; Philippe Keith (Life and environment, 2015)
Keywords: amphidromy; LIFE HISTORY; MICROCHEMISTRY; Sicydiinae

Inputs from Microchemistry to the understanding of three Sicydiinae species’ life cycle. - Taillebois, Laura; Hélène Tabouret; Pécheyran, C; Philippe Keith (Life and environment., 2015)
Keywords: amphidromy; LIFE HISTORY; MICROCHEMISTRY; Sicydiinae

Installation of microphytobenthos biofilm on concretes of different compositions - Mise en place d’un biofilm microphytobenthique sur des bétons de différentes compositions - Leroy, Fanny; Lestarquit, Mabel; Anne-Marie Rusig; Isabelle Mussio; Roussel, Déborah; Napoléon, Camille; Pascal Claquin (Proceedings of the Congress on artificial reefs : from materials to ecosystems, 2015)

Integrating Ecosystem Engineering and Food Web Ecology: Testing the Effect of Biogenic Reefs on the Food Web of a Soft-Bottom Intertidal Area - De Smet, Bart; Jérôme Fournier; De Troch, Marleen; Vincx, Magda; Vanaverbeke, Jan (PLoS ONE, 2015)
The potential of ecosystem engineers to modify the structure and dynamics of food webs has recently been hypothesised from a conceptual point of view. Empirical data on the integration of ecosystem engineers and food webs is however largely lacking. This paper investigates the hypothesised link based on a field sampling approach of intertidal biogenic aggregations created by the ecosystem engineer Lanice conchilega (Polychaeta, Terebellidae). The aggregations are known to have a considerable impact on the physical and biogeochemical characteristics of their environment and subsequently on the abundance and biomass of primary food sources and the macrofaunal (i.e. the macro-, hyper- and epibenthos) community. Therefore, we hypothesise that L. conchilega aggregations affect the structure, stability and isotopic niche of the consumer assemblage of a soft-bottom intertidal food web. Primary food sources and the bentho-pelagic consumer assemblage of a L. conchilega aggregation and a control area were sampled on two soft-bottom intertidal areas along the French coast and analysed for their stable isotopes. Despite the structural impacts of the ecosystem engineer on the associated macrofaunal community, the presence of L. conchilega aggregations only has a minor effect on the food web structure of soft-bottom intertidal areas. The isotopic niche width of the consumer communities of the L. conchilega aggregations and control areas are highly similar, implying that consumer taxa do not shift their diet when feeding in a L. conchilega aggregation. Besides, species packing and hence trophic redundancy were not affected, pointing to an unaltered stability of the food web in the presence of L. conchilega.

Invalidity of Gasterosteus gymnurus (Cuvier, 1829) (Actinopterygii, Gasterosteidae) according to integrative taxonomy. - Denys, Gaël; Geiger Mathias; Persat, Henri; Philippe Keith; Dettai, Agnès (Cybium, 2015)
Keywords: Cytochrome C; Gasterosteidae Gasterosteus aculeatus Gasterosteus gymnurus Gasterosteus islandicus; Integrative taxonomy; oxidase subunit 1

INVENTAIRES ET ATLAS NATIONAUX DE DISTRIBUTION : POUR UNE APPROCHE PLUS ITÉRATIVE ET UN RÉÉQUILIBRAGE TAXINOMIQUE - Julien Touroult; Laurent PONCET; Philippe Keith; Vincent Boullet; Gérard ARNAL; Hervé Brustel; Jean-Philippe SIBLET (Revue d’Ecologie (Terre et Vie), 2015)

Invertebrate assemblage responses and the dual roles of resistance and resilience to drying in intermittent rivers - C. Leigh; N. Bonada; A.J. Boulton; B. Hugueny; S.T. Larned; R. Vander Vorste; T. Datry (Aquatic Sciences, 2015)
ABSTRACT: Intermittent rivers are naturally dynamic ecosystems in which flow cessation and riverbed drying cause temporal fluctuations in aquatic biodiversity. We analysed datasets from intermittent rivers in different climate zones across the world to examine responses of aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages to drying, in relation to both taxonomic composition and traits of resistance and resilience. First, we compared the differences in taxonomic richness and turnover and in trait diversity, richness and redundancy before and after intermittent sites dried with the differences in concurrently sampled perennial sites. We found such high levels of variation in the before-after differences at intermittent and perennial sites that we could not detect statistical differences between them. Second, we examined the effects of climate (arid, Mediterranean, temperate) and durations of dry and post-dry (flowing) periods on responses to drying at intermittent sites. Only climate had a detectable effect; the proportion of taxa at intermittent sites that persisted through drying-rewetting phases was greatest in arid-zone rivers. Regardless of climate, the invertebrates that persisted at intermittent sites were dominated by taxa resistant to drying. By contrast, taxa that persisted at perennial sites had fewer traits conferring resistance but more conferring resilience. The contributions of resistance and resilience combined with the presence of both intermittent and perennial reaches likely supports the long-term stability and persistence of communities in intermittent rivers, despite the inherently high variation in short-term responses to drying.

Invertébrés marins introduits dans le Golfe Normand-Breton depuis 1920 - Laurent Godet; Patrick Le Mao; Eric Thiébaut; Christian Retière; Louis Cabioc'h; Franck Gentil; Nicolas Desroy; Jérôme Fournier (Atlas Permanent de la mer et du littoral, 2015)

La pêche aux îles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam - Patrice Pruvost; Guy Duhamel; Le Manach, Frederic; Palomares, M L D (Fisheries Centre Research Reports, 2015)

Length-weight relationships of the silver European eel, Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758), across its geographic range - Boulenger, C.; Anthony Acou; Thomas Trancart; Crivelli, A.J.; Eric Feunteun (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)

Life history of the Small Sandeel, Ammodytes tobianus, inferred from otolith microchemistry. A methodological approach - Laugier, F.; Eric Feunteun; Pécheyran, C.; Alexandre Carpentier (Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2015)

Long-term maintenance and public exhibition of deep-sea hydrothermal fauna: The AbyssBox project - Bruce Shillito; Juliette Ravaux; Sarrazin, Jozee; Zbinden, M.; Sarradin, Pierre-Marie; Barthelemy, D. (Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2015)

Long-term maintenance and public exhibition of deep-sea hydrothermal fauna: The AbyssBox project - Bruce Shillito; Juliette Ravaux; Sarrazin, Jozee; Magali Zbinden; Sarradin, Pierre-Marie; Barthelemy Dominique (Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2015)
The AbyssBox project aims to provide the first permanent public exhibition of live deep-sea hydrothermal fauna maintained at in situ pressure. AbyssBox is a pressurized aquarium designed to function permanently. Here we present details of the project after the public exhibition functioned for more than three years at Océanopolis aquarium in Brest, France. We also describe the AbyssBox pressure aquarium, and provide data and observations on vent shrimp (Mirocaris fortunata) and crabs (Segonzacia mesatlantica) that were sampled from 1700m depth at the Lucky Strike vent field (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) during different cruises. While mortalities exceeded 50% during the first days following sampling, the remaining animals appeared to acclimate fairly well. Some crabs have now been kept for more than 2 years, and some shrimp have spent more than 3 years in captivity. Primarily designed for a public exhibition, the AbyssBox is already used for scientific purposes, since it provides one of the most effective tools for long-term rearing of deep-sea fauna. AbyssBox is a first step towards maintaining a variety of deep-sea fauna year-round at in situ pressure, which will serve both scientific and public interests.
Keywords: AbyssBox; Aquaria; Aquariology; Deep waters; Hydrostatic Pressure; Hydrothermal Vents; Public exhibition; Scientific experiments

Mass marking of stocked European glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) with alizarin red S - Caraguel, J.-M.; Charrier, F.; Mazel, V.; Eric Feunteun (Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 2015)

Milieux de vie des mammifères de Bretagne - Jérôme Fournier; Patrick Le Mao; Franck Simmonet (Atlas des mammifères de Bretagne, 2015)

Modelling the effect of Cerastoderma edule bioturbation on microphytobenthos resuspension towards the planktonic food web of estuarine ecosystem - Rakotomalala, C; Karine Grangeré; Martin Ubertini; Forêt, M; Francis Orvain (Ecological Modelling, 2015)
Microphytobenthos (MPB) represents an important food source for primary consumers in estuarine ecosystems and the availability of MPB as food items results from complex physical, chemical, and biological interactions. In Baie des Veys (Lower Normandy, France), the common cockle Cerastoderma edule constitutes the major bioturbator in the ecosystem in terms of biomass. In this ecosystem, cockle bioturbation is a key process regulating the MPB erosion flux in the water column. This bivalve intensely modifies the top layer of the sediment by increasing the sediment erodibility and the fluxes of suspended chlorophyll a through the valve movements. More precisely, cockle bioturbation destabilizes the sediment surface by creating a biogenic layer that is easily eroded with tidal hydrodynamic forces. Associated MPB can then be exported to the water column to fuel higher trophic levels of the planktonic food web. The aim of this study was to develop a numerical model that reproduces the export of MPB associated to the biogenic layer erosion. Kinetics of suspended MPB, in response to increasing stress, were obtained from flume experiments in lab controlled conditions and in situ natural conditions. Following this, the suspended MPB were analyzed to respectively parameterize the model by (1) a calibration approach, and (2) an independent validation. The analysis has highlighted that the higher the biomass of cockles, the higher the MPB resuspension rates. Our model consistently reproduces the tendency encountered in laboratory analysis and with in situ natural conditions. During the validation, a small site-specific lack of adjustment was identified, but, among the macrozoobenthic community, the model can be significantly improved by considering the bioturbation activities of another ecosystem engineer, Pygospio elegans. This study thus provides reliable estimates of the daily food availability from benthic primary consumers in an estuarine system where cockles dominate the bioturbating assemblage. This model can be inserted in various model designs (0D, 1D-vertical or 3D).

Molecular characterization of peptide fractions of a Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by-product hydrolysate and in vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity - Robert, Marie; Céline Zatylny-Gaudin; Fournier, Vincent; Corre, Erwan; Gildas Le Corguille; Bernay, Benoît; Joël Henry (Process Biochemistry, 2015)

The mosaic of habitats of the Seine estuary: Insights from food-web modelling and network analysis - Samuele Tecchio; Rius, Armonie Tous; Dauvin, Jean-Claude; Lobry, Jeremy; Géraldine Lassalle; Morin, Jocelyne; Bacq, Nicolas; Cachera, Marie; Chaalali, Aurélie; Villanueva, Maria Ching; Nathalie Niquil (ECOLOGICAL MODELLING, 2015)
Ecological network analysis was applied in the Seine estuary ecosystem, northern France, integrating ecological data from the years 1996 to 2002. The Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) approach was used to model the trophic flows in 6 spatial compartments leading to 6 distinct EwE models: the navigation channel and the two channel flanks in the estuary proper, and 3 marine habitats in the eastern Seine Bay. Each model included 12 consumer groups, 2 primary producers, and one detritus group. Ecological network analysis was performed, including a set of indices, keystoneness, and trophic spectrum analysis to describe the contribution of the 6 habitats to the Seine estuary ecosystem functioning. Results showed that the two habitats with a functioning most related to a stressed state were the northern and central navigation channels, where building works and constant maritime traffic are considered major anthropogenic stressors. The strong top-down control highlighted in the other 4 habitats was not present in the central channel, showing instead (i) a change in keystone roles in the ecosystem towards sediment-based, lower trophic levels, and (ii) a higher system omnivory. The southern channel evidenced the highest system activity (total system throughput), the higher trophic specialisation (low system omnivory), and the lowest indication of stress (low cycling and relative redundancy). Marine habitats showed higher fish biomass proportions and higher transfer efficiencies per trophic levels than the estuarine habitats, with a transition area between the two that presented intermediate ecosystem structure. The modelling of separate habitats permitted disclosing each one's response to the different pressures, based on their a priori knowledge. Network indices, although non-monotonously, responded to these differences and seem a promising operational tool to define the ecological status of transitional water ecosystems. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Movement patterns and home range of wild and re-stocked Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) monitored by radio-telemetry in Lake Imiria, Peru - Jesus Nuñez-Rodriguez; Fabrice Duponchelle; Cotrina-Doria, M.; Renno, Jean-Francois; Chávez Veintemilla, C; Rebaza, C.; Deza, S.; García-Dávila, C; Chu-Koo, F; Salvador Tello; Baras, Etienne (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)

Multi-causality and spatial non-stationarity in the determinants of groundwater crustacean diversity in Europe - D. Eme; M. Zagmajster; C. Fiser; D. Galassi; P. Marmonier; F. Stoch; J. F. Cornu; Thierry Oberdorff; F. Malard (Ecography, 2015)

A new modeling approach to define marine ecosystems food-web status with uncertainty assessment - Chaalali, Aurélie; Saint-Béat, B; Géraldine Lassalle; Le Loc'h, Francois; Samuele Tecchio; Safi, Georges; Savenkoff, Claude; Lobry, Jeremy; Nathalie Niquil (Progress in Oceanography, 2015)

A new species of Sicyopterus (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Indonesia. - Philippe Keith; Clara Lord; Sauri, S; Frédéric Busson; Hubert, Nicolas; Hadiaty, Renny (Cybium, 2015)

A new Stiphodon from Indonesia (Teleostei: Gobiidae) - Philippe Keith; Clara Lord; Frédéric Busson; Sauri, S; Hubert, Nicolas; Hadiaty, Renny (Cybium, 2015)
Keywords: Indonesia; New species; Stiphodon

A new Stiphodon from Indonesia (Teleostei: Gobiidae) - Philippe Keith; Frédéric Busson; Sauri, S; Hubert, N; Hadiaty, Renny (Cybium, 2015)
Keywords: Freshwater; Gobiidae; Indonesia; New species; Stiphodon aureofuscus

The oldest notostracan (Upper Devonian Strud Locality, Belgium) - Linda Lagebro; Pierre Gueriau; Thomas Hegna; Nicolas Rabet; Aodhán Butler; Graham Budd (Palaeontology, 2015)

Ontogenetic dietary and habitat shifts in Goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara, from French Guiana. - C Artero; C.C. Koenig; P. Richard; R. Berzins; G. Guillou; C. Bouchon; L. Lampert (Endangered species Research, 2015)

Opinion Paper: how vulnerable are Amazonian freshwater fishes to ongoing climate change? - Thierry Oberdorff; C. Jézéquel; M. Campero; F. Carvajal-Vallejos; J.F. Cornu; M.S. Dias; Fabrice Duponchelle; J.A. Maldonado-Ocampo; H. Ortega; J.F. Renno; Pablo Tedesco (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)
With around 15% of all described freshwater fish species in the world, the Amazon Basin is by far the most fish species- rich freshwater ecosystem on the planet. In this opinion paper, a rough evaluation is given on just how vulnerable Amazonian freshwater fishes are to ongoing climate change. And to argue that current anthropogenic threats through rapid expansion of human infrastructure and economic activ- ities in the basin could be a far greater threat to fish commu- nities than those anticipated by any future climate change. Conservation actions in the Amazon Basin should focus preferentially on reducing the impacts of present-day anthro- pogenic threats.

Opinion Paper: how vulnerable are Amazonian freshwater fishes to ongoing climate change? - Thierry Oberdorff; Jézéquel, Céline; Campero, Melina; Carvajal-Vallejos, Fernando; Cornu, Jean-François; Dias, Murilo S; Fabrice Duponchelle; Maldonado, Mabel; H. Ortega; Renno, Jean-Francois; Pablo Tedesco (Journal of Applied Ichthytology, 2015)

Parental exposure to the herbicide diuron results in oxidative DNA damage to germinal cells of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. - Barranger, Audrey; Clothilde Heude-Berthelin; Rouxel, Julien; Adeline, Béatrice; Benabdelmouna, Abdellah; Burgeot, Thierry; Akcha, Farida (Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, 2015)
Chemical pollution by pesticides has been identified as a possible contributing factor to the massive mortality outbreaks observed in Crassostrea gigas for several years. A previous study demonstrated the vertical transmission of DNA damage by subjecting oyster genitors to the herbicide diuron at environmental concentrations during gametogenesis. This trans-generational effect occurs through damage to genitor-exposed gametes, as measured by the comet-assay. The presence of DNA damage in gametes could be linked to the formation of DNA damage in other germ cells. In order to explore this question, the levels and cell distribution of the oxidized base lesion 8-oxodGuo were studied in the gonads of exposed genitors. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV and electrochemical detection analysis showed an increase in 8-oxodGuo levels in both male and female gonads after exposure to diuron. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed the presence of 8-oxodGuo at all stages of male germ cells, from early to mature stages. Conversely, the oxidized base was only present in early germ cell stages in female gonads. These results indicate that male and female genitors underwent oxidative stress following exposure to diuron, resulting in DNA oxidation in both early germ cells and gametes, such as spermatozoa, which could explain the transmission of diuron-induced DNA damage to offspring. Furthermore, immunostaining of early germ cells seems indicates that damages caused by exposure to diuron on germ line not only affect the current sexual cycle but also could affect future gametogenesis.

Periodic life history strategy of Psectrogaster rutiloides, Kner 1858, in the Iquitos region, Peruvian Amazon - García-Vasquez, Aurea; Vargas, Gladys; Sánchez, H; Salvador Tello; Fabrice Duponchelle (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)

Photosystem-II shutdown evolved with Nitrogen fixation in the unicellular diazotroph Crocosphaera watsonii. - Rabouille, Sophie; Claquin, Pascal (Environ Microbiol, 2015)
Protection of nitrogenase from oxygen in unicellular cyanobacteria is obtained by temporal separation of photosynthesis and diazotrophy, through transcriptional and translational regulations of nitrogenase. But diazotrophs can face environmental situations in which N2 fixation occurs significantly in the light, and we believe that another control operates to make it possible. The nighttime shutdown of PSII activity is a peculiar behavior that discriminates C. watsonii WH8501 from any other phototroph, whether prokaryote or eukaryote. This phenomenon is not only due to the plastoquinone pool redox status and suggests that the sentinel D1 protein, expressed in periods of nitrogen fixation, is inactive. Results demonstrate a tight constraint of oxygen evolution in C. watsonii as additional protection of nitrogenase activity and suggest a possible recycling of cellular components.

Population structure of the Asian amphidromous Sicydiinae goby, Stiphodon percnopterygionus with comments on larval dispersal in the northwest Pacific Ocean. - Clara Lord; Maeda, Ken; Philippe Keith; Watanabe, S (Life and Environment,, 2015)
Keywords: amphidromy; Larval dispersa; Population structure.; Sicydiinae; Stiphodon

Population structure of the Asian amphidromous Sicydiinae goby, Stiphodon percnopterygionus with comments on larval dispersal in the northwest Pacific Ocean. - Clara Lord; Maeda, Ken; Philippe Keith; Watanabe, S (Life and Environment, 2015)
Keywords: amphidromy; larval dispersal; POPULATION STRUCTURE; Sicydiinae; Stiphodon

The potential for climate-driven bathymetric range shifts: sustained temperature and pressure exposures on a marine ectotherm, Palaemonetes varians - Morris, J. P.; Thatje, S.; Cottin, D.; Oliphant, A.; Brown, A.; Bruce Shillito; Juliette Ravaux; Hauton, C. (Royal Society Open Science, 2015)

Pre-release processes influencing short-term mortality of glass eels in the French eel (Anguilla anguilla, Linnaeus 1758) stocking programme - Josset, Q.; Thomas Trancart; Mazel, V.; Charrier, F.; Frott, L.; Anthony Acou; Eric Feunteun (ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2015)

Production of exopolymers (EPS) by cyanobacteria: impact on the carbon-to-nutrient ratio of the particulate organic matter - Pannard, A; Pédronon, J; Bormans, M; Briand, E; Pascal Claquin; Yvan Lagadeuc (Aquatic Ecology, 2015)
Freshwater cyanobacteria can produce large amount of mucilage, particularly during large blooms. The production of these carbon-rich exopolymers (EPS) should influence the carbon-to-nutrient ratios of the organic matter (OM), which are regularly used as a proxy for the herbivorous food quality. However, little is known about the consequences of EPS production on the carbon-to-nutrient ratio of the OM. Two EPS forms can be distinguished: the free fraction composed of soluble extracellular polymeric substances (S-EPS) and the particulate fraction corresponding to the transparent exopolymer particles (TEP). The aim of the study was to determine whether the TEP and S-EPS productions by cyanobacteria influence the carbon-to-nutrient ratios of the particulate OM (POM). Five cyanobacteria species were grown in batch culture and characterized in terms of photosynthetic activity, EPS production, and C, N, P contents. The variability in EPS production was compared with the variability in stoichiometry of the POM. Most of cyanobacteria live in association with heterotrophic bacteria (HB) within the mucilage. The effect of the presence/absence of HB on EPS production and the carbon-to-nutrient ratios of the POM was also characterized for the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. We showed that TEP production increased the carbon-to-nutrient ratios of the POM in the absence of HB, while the stoichiometry did not significantly change when HB were present. The C:N ratio of the POM decreased with production of  S-EPS by the five species. Lastly, the three colonial species (Chroococcales) tend to produce more TEP than the two filamentous species (Oscillatoriales), with the two picocyanobacteria being the most productive of both TEP and S-EPS.

Rapport bibliographique pour la mise en place d'un indicateur mangrove dans le cadre de la DCE Eaux Littorales dans les DOM. Convention ONEMA/MNHN 2015. 35 pages - Guillaume Dirberg (2015)
Keywords: Bioindication; DCE; Mangrove

Rearing of the Amazon catfish Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Castelnau, 1855): weaning with dry and moist diets - Fernández-Méndez, C.; Frank David; Darias, Maria; Castro-Ruiz, Diana; Jesus Nuñez-Rodriguez (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)

Re-description of Apistogramma payaminonis Kullander, 1986, with descriptions of two new cichlid species of the genus Apistogramma (Teleostei, Perciformes, Geophaginae) from northern Peru - Römer, Uwe; Soares, D. P.; García-Dávila, C.; Fabrice Duponchelle; Renno, Jean-Francois; Hanh, I. (Vertebrate Zoology, 2015)

Regulation of Hox orthologues in the oyster Crassostrea gigas evidences a functional role for promoter DNA methylation in an invertebrate. - Saint-Carlier, Emma; Guillaume Rivière (FEBS Lett, 2015)
DNA methylation within promoter regions (PRDM) controls vertebrate early gene transcription and thereby development, but is neglected outside this group. However, epigenetic features in the oyster Crassostrea gigas suggest functional significance of PDRM in invertebrates. To investigate this, reporter constructs containing in vitro methylated oyster Hox gene promoters were transfected into oyster embryos. The influence of in vivo methylation was studied using bisulfite sequencing and DNA methyltransferase inhibition during development. Our results demonstrate that methylation controls the transcriptional activity of the promoters investigated, unraveling a functional role for PRDM in a lophotrochozoan, an important finding regarding the evolution of epigenetic regulation.
Keywords: Animals; Azacitidine; CHO Cells; Crassostrea; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase; DNA Methylation; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Enzyme Inhibitors; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Homeodomain Proteins; Invertebrates; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Transfection

Relationships between biodiversity and the stability of marine ecosystems: Comparisons at a European scale using meta-analysis - Cusson, Mathieu; Tasman P. Crowe; Rita Araújo; Francisco Arenas; Rebbecca Aspden; Fabio Bulleri; Dominique Davoult; Kirstie Dyson; Simonetta Fraschetti; Kristjan Herkül; Cédric Hubas; Stuart Jenkins; et al. (Journal of Sea Research, 2015)
Abstract The relationship between biodiversity and stability of marine benthic assemblages was investigated through meta-analyses using existing data sets (n = 28) covering various spatial (m–km) and temporal (1973–2006; ranging from 5 to > 250 months) scales in different benthic habitats (emergent rock, rock pools and sedimentary habitats) over different European marine systems (North Atlantic and western Mediterranean). Stability was measured by a lower variability in time, and variability was estimated as temporal variance of species richness, total abundance (density or % cover) and community structure (using Bray–Curtis dissimilarities on species composition and abundance). Stability generally decreased with species richness. Temporal variability in species richness increased with the number of species at both quadrat (< 1 m2) and site (  100 m2) scales, while no relationship was observed by multivariate analyses. Positive relationships were also observed at the scale of site between temporal variability in species richness and variability in community structure with evenness estimates. This implies that the relationship between species richness or evenness and species richness variability is slightly positive and depends on the scale of observation. Thus, species richness does not stabilize temporal fluctuations in species number, rather species rich assemblages are those most likely to undergo the largest fluctuations in species numbers and abundance from time to time. Changes within community assemblages in terms of structure are, however, generally independent of biodiversity. Except for sedimentary and rock pool habitats, no relationship was observed between temporal variation of total abundances and diversity at either scale. Overall, our results emphasize that the relation between species richness and species-level measures of temporal variability depends on scale of measurements, type of habitats and the marine system (North Atlantic and Mediterranean) considered.
Keywords: Benthic Marine Coastal Habitats; Biodiversity Ecosystem Functioning; Community Variability; Diversity–Stability Relationships; Temporal Variability

Relative abundances of methane- and sulfur-oxidizing symbionts in gills of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus under pressure - Szafranski, Kamil M.; Piquet, Bérénice; Bruce Shillito; Lallier, François H.; Duperron, Sébastien (Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2015)

The Research Network on Amazonian Ichthyofauna - Darias, Maria; Amadio, S. A.; Rosenthal, H. (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)

Review of the Eulimnadia (Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata) from North Africa and adjacent regions, with two new species from Mauritania - Nicolas Rabet; François Clarac; Pascal Lluch; Eric Gallerne; Michael Korn (Journal of Crustacean Biology, 2015)

Revision of vernacular names for the freshwater fish of French Guiana. - Grenand, Pierre; Chapuis, Jean; Cognat André; Cristinoi Antonia; Davy Damien; Grenand Françoise; Michel Jégu; Philippe Keith; Martin, Emmanuel; Nemo François; Pagezy Hélène; Le Bail, Pierre-Yves (Cybium, 2015)

The role of female cephalopod researchers: past and present - Allcock, A. Louise; von Boletzky, Sigurd; Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli; Brunetti, Norma E.; Cazzaniga, Néstor J.; Hochberg, Eric; Ivanovic, Marcela; Lipinski, Marek; Marian, José E. A. R.; Nigmatullin, Chingis; Nixon, Marion; Jean-Paul Robin; et al. (Journal of Natural History, 2015)

Seasonal variations of the composition of microbial biofilms in sandy tidal flats: Focus of fatty acids, pigments and exopolymers - Passarelli, C; Tarik Meziane; Najet Thiney; Dominique Boeuf; B Jesus; Mickael Ruivo; Christian Jeanthon; Cédric Hubas (Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2015)
Abstract Biofilms, or microbial mats, are common associations of microorganisms in tidal flats; they generally consist of a large diversity of organisms embedded in a matrix of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS). These molecules are mainly composed of carbohydrates and proteins, but their detailed monomer compositions and seasonal variations are currently unknown. Yet this composition determines the numerous roles of biofilms in these systems. This study investigated the changes in composition of carbohydrates in intertidal microbial mats over a year to decipher seasonal variations in biofilms and in varying hydrodynamic conditions. This work also aimed to assess how these compositions are related to microbial assemblages. In this context, natural biofilms whose development was influenced or not by artificial structures mimicking polychaete tubes were sampled monthly for over a year in intertidal flats of the Chausey archipelago. Biofilms were compared through the analysis of their fatty acid and pigment contents, and the monosaccharide composition of their \{EPS\} carbohydrates. Carbohydrates from both colloidal and bound \{EPS\} contained mainly glucose and, to a lower extent, galactose and mannose but they showed significant differences in their detailed monosaccharide compositions. These two fractions displayed different seasonal evolution, even if glucose accumulated in both fractions in summer; bound \{EPS\} only were affected by artificial biogenic structures. Sediment composition in fatty acids and pigments showed that microbial communities were dominated by diatoms and heterotrophic bacteria. Their relative proportions, as well as those of other groups like cryptophytes, changed between times and treatments. The changes in \{EPS\} composition were not fully explained by modifications of microbial assemblages but also depended on the processes taking place in sediments and on environmental conditions. These variations of \{EPS\} compositions are likely to alter different ecosystem processes such as biostabilisation or pollutants trapping.
Keywords: biofilms; biogenic structures; EPS; fatty acids; monosaccharide composition; pigments

Shell growth, microstructure and composition over the development cycle of the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata - Stéphanie Auzoux-Bordenave; Brahmi, C.; Badou, Aicha; de Rafélis, M.; Huchette, S. (Marine Biology, 2015)
The shell of the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata is a model for studying mechanisms of mollusc shell formation, but the early steps of shell formation and calcification remain poorly documented. The microstructure and the mineralogical and geochemical composition of larval and juvenile shells were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and ion microprobe analyses (NanoSIMS). Analyses were performed on shells obtained from controlled fertilisations at the hatchery France-Haliotis (Plouguerneau, France) in July 2009 and 2010 using abalone from Roscoff. Shell cross sections revealed the microstructural arrangement of the developing shell, showing progressive biomineral organisation into two differentiated layers, i.e. the outer granular and the internal nacreous layer. Infrared analysis confirmed that the European abalone shell, at every stage of development, was mostly composed of CaCO3 in the form of aragonite. Variations in trace element composition, i.e. Sr/Ca, were measured in the different stages and correlated with micro-structural changes in the shells. Experimental manganese labelling of live abalones produced cathodoluminescence marks in the growing shell sections. The increase in shell thickness can be used to determine the growth rate of an early adult abalone shell.

A short history of the fisheries of Crozet Islands - Patrice Pruvost; Guy Duhamel; Nicolas Gasco; Palomares, M L D (Fisheries Centre Research Reports, 2015)

Spatial changes in fatty acids signatures of the great scallop Pecten maximus across the Bay of Biscay continental shelf - Nerot, C; Tarik Meziane; Gauthier Schaal; Grall, J; Lorrain, A; Paullet, Y-M; Kraffe, E (Continental Shelf Research, 2015)
The spatial variability of food resources along continental margins can strongly influence the physiology and ecology of benthic bivalves. We explored the variability of food sources of the great scallop Pecten maximus, by determining their fatty acid (FA) composition along an inshore–offshore gradient in the Bay of Biscay (from 15 to 190 m depth). The FA composition of the digestive gland showed strong differences between shallow and deep-water habitats. This trend was mainly driven by their content in diatom-characteristic fatty acids, which are abundant near the coast. Scallops collected from the middle of the continental shelf were characterized by higher contents of flagellate markers than scallops from shallow habitats. This could be related to a permanent vertical stratification in the water column, which reduced vertical mixing of waters, thereby enhancing organic matter recycling through the microbial loop. In the deeper water station (190 m), FA compositions were close to the compositions found in scallops from shallow areas, which suggest that scallops could have access to the same resources (i.e. diatoms). Muscle FA composition was more indicative of the physiological state of scallops over this depth range, revealing contrasting reproductive strategies among the two coastal sites and metabolic or physiological adaptation at greater depth (e.g. structural and functional adjustments of membrane composition). This study therefore revealed contrasted patterns between shallow and deeper habitats for both P. maximus muscle and digestive gland tissues. This emphasizes the variability in the diet of this species along its distribution range, and stresses the importance of analyzing different tissues for their FA composition in order to better understand their physiology and ecology.
Keywords: Depth gradient; fatty acids; Metabolism; Pecten maximus; Trophic markers

Spatio-temporal variations in the composition of organic matter in surface sediments of a mangrove receiving shrimp farm effluents (New Caledonia) - Adélaide Aschenbroich; Cyril Marchand; Nathalie Molnar; Jonhatan Deborde; Cédric Hubas; Hervé Rybarczyk; Tarik Meziane (Science of The Total Environment, 2015)
In order to investigate spatio-temporal variations in the composition and origin of the benthic organic matter (OM) at the sediment surface in mangrove receiving shrimp farm effluents, fatty acid (FA) biomarkers, natural stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N), C:N ratios and chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations were determined during the active and the non-active period of the farm. Fatty acid compositions in surface sediments within the mangrove forest indicated that organic matter inputs varied along the year as a result of farm activity. Effluents were the source of fresh particulate organic matter for the mangrove, as evidenced by the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) distribution. The anthropogenic \{MUFA\} 18:1ω9 was not only accumulated at the sediment surface in some parts of the mangrove, but was also exported to the seafront. Direct release of bacteria and enhanced in situ production of fungi, as revealed by specific FAs, stimulated mangrove litter decomposition under effluent runoff condition. Also, microalgae released from ponds contributed to maintain high benthic chl-a concentrations in mangrove sediments in winter and to a shift in microphytobenthic community assemblage. Primary production was high whether the farm released effluent or not which questioned the temporary effect of shrimp farm effluent on benthic microalgae dynamic. This study outlined that mangrove benthic organic matter was qualitatively and quantitatively affected by shrimp farm effluent release and that responses to environmental condition changes likely depended on mangrove stand characteristics.
Keywords: Chlorophyll-a; fatty acids; Mangrove; Organic matter; Shrimp farming; Stable isotopes

Species-specific PCR-RFLP for identification of early life history stages of squid and other applications to fisheries research - McKeown, Niall J.; Jean-Paul Robin; Shaw, Paul W. (Fisheries Research, 2015)
Keywords: Alloteuthis; Cephalopoda; Fisheries management; Loligo; Species identification; Sustainable

Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages - Laumer, Christopher E.; Bekkouche, Nicolas; Kerbl, Alexandra; Goetz, Freya; Neves, Ricardo C.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Hejnol, Andreas; Dunn, Casey W.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Worsaae, Katrine (Current Biology, 2015)

Stable isotopes reveal food web modifications along the upstream– downstream gradient of a temperate stream - N. Hette; Jérôme Belliard; E. Tales; Thierry Oberdorff (Aquatic Sciences, 2015)
ABSTRACT: The upstream–downstream gradient (UDG) is a key feature of streams. For instance food webs are assumed to change from upstream to downstream. We tested this hypothesis in a small European river catchment (937 km 2), and examined whether food web modifications are related to structural (i.e. food web composition) or functional changes (i.e. alteration of linkages within the web). We adopted a double approach at two levels of organisation (assemblage and species levels) using two isotopic metrics (isotopic space area and isotopic niche overlap), and proposed a new hypothesis-testing framework for exploring the dominant feeding strategy within a food web. We confirmed that the UDG influenced stream food webs, and found that food web modifications were related to both structural and functional changes. The structural change was mainly related to an increase in species richness, and induced functional modifications of the web (indirect effect). In addition, the UDG also modified the functional features of the web directly, without changing the web composition. The proposed framework allowed relating the direct effect of the UDG to a diet specialisation of the species, and the indirect effect via the structural changes to a generalist feeding strategy. The framework highlights the benefits of conducting the double approach, and provides a foundation for future studies investigating the dominant feeding strategy that underlies food web modifications.

Stable isotopic composition of anguilliform leptocephali and other food web components from west of the Mascarene Plateau - Eric Feunteun; Miller, M.J.; Alexandre Carpentier; Aoyama, J.; Christine Dupuy; Kuroki, M.; Pagano, M.; Réveillac, E.; Sellos, D.; Watanabe, S.; Tsukamoto, K.; Otake, T. (Progress in Oceanography, 2015)

Stiphodon annieae, a new species of freshwater goby from Indonesia (Teleostei: Gobiidae). - Philippe Keith; Hadiaty, Renny (Cybium, 2015)
Keywords: Freshwater; Halmahera; Indonesia; New species; Stiphodon annieae

Stock structure of the English Channel common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) during the reproduction period - Gras, Michael; Safi, Georges; Lebredonchel, Hugo; Quinquis, Jérôme; Foucher, Eric; Koueta, Noussithé; Jean-Paul Robin (Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2015)
Within the English Channel, the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis is a semelparous species for which a 2-year life cycle was exclusively described in the 1980s. In the 1990s, new research indicated that whilst a 2-year life cycle was still evident for females and the large majority of males, a small proportion of males were actually maturing at only 1 year of age. Since 1980, the interest of French and UK fishers for this resource has increased and it is nowadays one of the most important demersal species of the area and is considered to be fully exploited. From the start of the 20th century, fishing effort and sea surface temperatures have increased in the English Channel and have probably impacted the life history traits of S. officinalis. A 2-year sampling programme was undertaken at French landing sites of the English Channel during the reproduction season in 2010 and 2011 to estimate if the proportion of 1-year-old mature animals has changed. Age determination was carried out by coupling polymodal decomposition and lipofuscin measurement. Size-at-maturity for each year and each sex was estimated by fitting a binomial error GLM. Results highlight that a variable percentage of males and females belonging to the first cohort are mature and that size-at-maturity was lower than that observed in the 1990s. Finally, different parameters, such as temperature and fishing pressure are explored to discuss changes in life history traits suggesting that cuttlefish could be an indicator of the temperature regime shift in the English Channel.

Storage of Karyotyped Voucher Specimens and their Molecular Identification - Dettai, Agnès; Patrice Pruvost (Fish Cytogenetic Techniques: Ray-Fin Fishes and Chondrichthyans, 2015)
Fish are currently the only vertebrate group where several hundred new species are still described each year (Fig. 1). One third of the currently recognized species have been described in the last 12 years (Fishbase 2002; 2014). The reassesment using modern approaches of species that were thought to be well known resulted in the discovery of many new species (Thomas et al. 2014; Zemlak et al. 2009). In a particularly stunning example, Durand et al.(2012) presented evidence for the presence of many cryptic groups within ...

Temporal and spatial distribution of young Brachyplatystoma spp. (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) along the rapids stretch of the Madeira River (Brazil) before the construction of two hydroelectric dams - Cella Ribeiro, A.; Fugimoto Assakawa, L.; Torrente-Vilara, Gislene; Zuanon, Jansen; Leite, R.G.; Doria, C.; Fabrice Duponchelle (Journal of Fish Biology, 2015)

Temporal and spatial distribution of young Brachyplatystoma spp. (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) along the rapids stretch of the Madeira River (Brazil) before the construction of two hydroelectric dams - Cella-Ribeiro, Ariana; Assakawa, L. F.; Torrente-Vilara, Gislene; Zuanon, Jansen; Leite, R. G.; Doria, C.; Fabrice Duponchelle (Journal of Fish Biology, 2015)

The three steps of the carbonate biogenic dissolution process by microborers in coral reefs (New Caledonia). - Grange, J; Hervé Rybarczyk; Tribollet, A (Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2015)
Biogenic dissolution of carbonates by microborers is one of the main destructive forces in coral reefs and is predicted to be enhanced by eutrophication and ocean acidification by 2100. The chlorophyte Ostreobium sp., the main agent of this process, has been reported to be one of the most responsive of all microboring species to those environmental factors. However, very little is known about its recruitment, how it develops over successions of microboring communities, and how that influences rates of biogenic dissolution. Thus, an experiment with dead coral blocks exposed to colonization by microborers was carried out on a reef in New Caledonia over a year period. Each month, a few blocks were collected to study microboring communities and the associated rates of biogenic dissolution. Our results showed a drastic shift in community species composition between the 4th and 5th months of exposure, i.e., pioneer communities dominated by large chlorophytes such as Phaeophila sp. were replaced by mature communities dominated by Ostreobium sp. Prior the 4th month of exposure, large chlorophytes were responsible for low rates of biogenic dissolution while during the community shift, rates increased exponentially (×10). After 6 months of exposure, rates slowed down and reached a "plateau" with a mean of 0.93 kg of CaCO3 dissolved per m(2) of reef after 12 months of exposure. Here, we show that (a) Ostreobium sp. settled down in new dead substrates as soon as the 3rd month of exposure but dominated communities only after 5 months of exposure and (b) microbioerosion dynamics comprise three distinct steps which fully depend on community development stage and grazing pressure.

The Toll/NF-κB pathway in cuttlefish symbiotic accessory nidamental gland. - Cornet, Valérie; Joël Henry; Corre, Erwan; Gildas Le Corguille; Céline Zatylny-Gaudin (Dev Comp Immunol, 2015)
The female genital apparatus of decapod cephalopods contains a symbiotic accessory nidamental gland (ANG) that harbors bacterial symbionts. Although the ANG bacterial consortium is now well described, the impact of symbiosis on Sepia officinalis innate immunity pathways remains unknown. In silico analysis of the de novo transcriptome of ANG highlighted for the first time the existence of the NF-κB pathway in S. officinalis. Several signaling components were identified, i.e. five Toll-like receptors, eight signaling cascade features, and the immune response target gene iNOS, previously described as being involved in the initiation of bacterial symbiosis in a cephalopod gland. This work provides a first key for studying bacterial symbiosis and its impact on innate immunity in S. officinalis ANG.

Towards understanding the organisation of metacommunities in highly dynamic ecological systems - T. Datry; N. Bonada; J. Heino (Oikos, 2015)
ABSTRACT: Community ecology recognises today that local biological communities are not only affected by local biotic interactions and abiotic environmental conditions, but also by regional processes (e.g. dispersal). While much is known about how metacommunities are organised in space in terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecological systems, their temporal variations remain poorly studied. Here, we address the question of the dynamics of metacommunities in highly variable systems, using intermittent rivers (IRs), those rivers which temporarily stop flowing or dry up, as a model system. We first review how habitat heterogeneity in space and time influences metacommunity organisation. Second, we compare the metacommunities in IRs to those in perennial rivers (PRs) and develop the idea that IRs could undergo highly dynamic shifts due to the temporal variability in local and regional community processes. Third, we develop the idea that in IRs, metacommunities of the wet and dry phases of IRs are closely intertwined, thereby increasing even more their respective temporal dynamics. Last, we provide a roadmap to stimulate further conceptual and empirical developments of metacommunity research and identify possible applications for improving the management of IRs and other highly dynamic ecological systems.

Trace metal concentrations in post-hatching cuttlefish Sepia officinalis and consequences of dissolved zinc exposure. - Le Pabic, C; Christelle Caplat; Lehodey Jean-Paul; Milinkovitch, Thomas; Siméoni Koueta-Noussithé; Cosson, Richard Philippe; Paco Bustamante (Aquat Toxicol, 2015)
In this study, we investigated the changes of 13 trace metal and metalloid concentrations (i.e. Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V, Zn) and their subcellular fractionation in juvenile cuttlefish Sepia officinalis reared in controlled conditions between hatching and 2 months post-hatching. In parallel, metallothionein concentrations were determined. Our results highlighted contrasting changes of studied metals. Indeed, As and Fe concentrations measured in hatchlings suggested a maternal transfer of these elements in cuttlefish. The non-essential elements Ag and Cd presented the highest accumulation during our study, correlated with the digestive gland maturation. During the 6 first weeks of study, soluble fractions of most of essential trace metals (i.e. Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Se, Zn) slowly increased consistently with the progressive needs of cuttlefish metabolism during this period. In order to determine for the first time in a cephalopod how metal concentrations and their subcellular distributions are impacted when the animals are trace metal-exposed, we studied previously described parameters in juveniles exposed to dissolved Zn at environmental (i.e. 50 μg l(-1)) and sublethal (i.e. 200 μg l(-1)) levels. Moreover, oxidative stress (i.e. glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, and lipid peroxidation (LPO)) was assessed in digestive gland and gills after 1 and 2 months exposures. Our results highlighted no or low ability of this stage of life to regulate dissolved Zn accumulation during the studied period, consistently with high sensitivity of this organism. Notably, Zn exposures caused a concentration-dependent Mn depletion in juvenile cuttlefish, and an increase of soluble fraction of Ag, Cd, Cu without accumulation modifications, suggesting substitution of these elements (i.e. Mn, Ag, Cd, Cu) by Zn. In parallel, metallothionein concentrations decreased in individuals most exposed to Zn. Finally, no perturbations in oxidative stress management were detected in gills, whereas modifications of GST, SOD and catalase activity levels were recorded in digestive gland, resulting in an increase of LPO content after a 6-week exposure to low Zn concentration. Altogether, these perturbations are consistent with previously described high sensitivity of juvenile cuttlefish towards Zn. Our results underlined the need to study deeply contamination impact on this animal at this stage of life.

Transcriptome analysis reveals strong and complex antiviral response in a mollusc. - He, Yan; Jouaux, Aude; Ford, Susan E; Christophe Lelong; Pascal Sourdaine; Mathieu, Michel; Guo, Ximing (Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2015)
Viruses are highly abundant in the oceans, and how filter-feeding molluscs without adaptive immunity defend themselves against viruses is not well understood. We studied the response of a mollusc Crassostrea gigas to Ostreid herpesvirus 1 µVar (OsHV-1μVar) infections using transcriptome sequencing. OsHV-1μVar can replicate extremely rapidly after challenge of C. gigas as evidenced by explosive viral transcription and DNA synthesis, which peaked at 24 and 48 h post-inoculation, respectively, accompanied by heavy oyster mortalities. At 120 h post-injection, however, viral gene transcription and DNA load, and oyster mortality, were greatly reduced indicating an end of active infections and effective control of viral replication in surviving oysters. Transcriptome analysis of the host revealed strong and complex responses involving the activation of all major innate immune pathways that are equipped with expanded and often novel receptors and adaptors. Novel Toll-like receptor (TLR) and MyD88-like genes lacking essential domains were highly up-regulated in the oyster, possibly interfering with TLR signal transduction. RIG-1/MDA5 receptors for viral RNA, interferon-regulatory factors, tissue necrosis factors and interleukin-17 were highly activated and likely central to the oyster's antiviral response. Genes related to anti-apoptosis, oxidation, RNA and protein destruction were also highly up-regulated, while genes related to anti-oxidation were down-regulated. The oxidative burst induced by the up-regulation of oxidases and severe down-regulation of anti-oxidant genes may be important for the destruction of viral components, but may also exacerbate oyster mortality. This study provides unprecedented insights into antiviral response in a mollusc. The mobilization and complex regulation of expanded innate immune-gene families highlights the oyster genome's adaptation to a virus-rich marine environment.

Trophic networks: How do theories link ecosystem structure and functioning to stability properties? A review - Saint-Béat, B; Dan Baird; H Asmus; R Asmus; Bacher, C; Pacella, S R; Johnson, Galen A; David, Valérie; Vézina, A F; Nathalie Niquil (Ecological indicators, 2015)

Trophic opportunism of central Amazon floodplain fish - Jean-Michel Mortillaro; Marc Pouilly; Wach, M; Carlos E.C. Freitas; Gwenaël Abril; Tarik Meziane (Freshwater Biology, 2015)

The "Turritella Layer": a potential proxy of a drastic Holocene environmental change on the North-East Atlantic coast - Agnès Baltzer; Zohra Mokeddem; Evelyne Goubert; Franck Lartaud; Nathalie Labourdette; Jérôme Fournier; Jean-François Bourillet (Sediment Fluxex in Coastal Areas, 2015)

Uncertainties in the projection of species distributions related to general circulation models - Goberville, Eric; Grégory Beaugrand; Nina-Coralie Hautekèete; Yves Piquot; Christophe Luczak (Ecology and Evolution, 2015)
© 2015 The Authors. Ecological Niche Models (ENMs) are increasingly used by ecologists to project species potential future distribution. However the application of such models may be challenging and some caveats have already been identified. While studies have generally shown that projections may be sensitive to the ENM applied or the emission scenario to name just a few the sensitivity of ENM-based scenarios to General Circulation Models (GCMs) has been often underappreciated. Here using a multi-GCM and multi-emission scenario approach we evaluated the variability in projected distributions under future climate conditions. We modeled the ecological realized niche (sensu Hutchinson) and predicted the baseline distribution of species with contrasting spatial patterns and representative of two major functional groups of European trees: the dwarf birch and the sweet chestnut. Their future distributions were then projected onto future climatic conditions derived from seven GCMs and four emissions scenarios using the new Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) developed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR5 report. Uncertainties arising from GCMs and those resulting from emissions scenarios were quantified and compared. Our study reveals that scenarios of future species distribution exhibit broad differences depending not only on emissions scenarios but also on GCMs. We found that the between-GCM variability was greater than the between-RCP variability for the next decades and both types of variability reached a similar level at the end of this century. Our result highlights that a combined multi-GCM and multi-RCP approach is needed to better consider potential trajectories and uncertainties in future species distributions. In all cases between-GCM variability increases with the level of warming and if nothing is done to alleviate global warming future species spatial distribution may become more and more difficult to anticipate. When future species spatial distributions are examined we propose to use a large number of GCMs and RCPs to better anticipate potential trajectories and quantify uncertainties.
Keywords: Biogeography; Climate Change; Ecological niche modeling; Global change models; Species distribution projections; Uncertainties

Unveiling the evolution of bivalve nacre proteins by shell proteomics of Unionoidae. - Marie, Benjamin; Arivalagan, Jaison; Dubost, Lionel; Berland, Sophie; Marie, Arul; Marin, Frédéric (Biomineralization: from fundamentals to biomaterials & environmental issues, 2015)

The use of Depletion Methods to assess Mediterranean cephalopod stocks under the current EU Data Collection Framework - Keller, S; Jean-Paul Robin; Valls, M; Gras, Michael; Cabanellas-Reboredo, M; Quetglas, A (Mediterranean Marine Science, 2015)

Using barcoding of larvae for investigating the breeding seasons of pimelodid catfishes from the Marañon, Napo and Ucayali rivers in the Peruvian Amazon - García-Dávila, C.; Castro-Ruiz, Diana; Renno, Jean-Francois; Chota-Macuyama, Werner; Carvajal-Vallejos, Fernando; Sanchez, H.; Angulo, C.; Nolorbe, C.; Alvarado, J.; Estivals, G; Jesus Nuñez-Rodriguez; Fabrice Duponchelle (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)

Using ecological models to assess ecosystem status in support of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive - Piroddi, Chiara; Teixeira, Heliana; Lynam, Christopher P.; Smith, Chris; Alvarez, Maria C.; Mazik, Krysia; Andonegi, Eider; Churilova, Tanya; Tedesco, Letizia; Chifflet, Marina; Chust, Guillem; Galparsoro, Ibon; et al. (ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS, 2015)
The European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) seeks to achieve, for all European seas, "Good Environmental Status" (GEnS), by 2020. Ecological models are currently one of the strongest approaches used to predicting and understanding the consequences of anthropogenic and climate-driven changes in the natural environment. We assess the most commonly used capabilities of the modelling community to provide information about indicators outlined in the MSFD, particularly on biodiversity, food webs, non-indigenous species and seafloor integrity descriptors. We built a catalogue of models and their derived indicators to assess which models were able to demonstrate: (1) the linkages between indicators and ecosystem structure and function and (2) the impact of pressures on ecosystem state through indicators. Our survey identified 44 ecological models being implemented in Europe, with a high prevalence of those that focus on links between hydrodynamics and biogeochemistry, followed by end-to-end, species distribution/habitat suitability, bio-optical (remote sensing) and multispecies models. Approximately 200 indicators could be derived from these models, the majority of which were biomass and physical/hydrological/chemical indicators. Biodiversity and food webs descriptors, with similar to 49% and similar to 43% respectively, were better addressed in the reviewed modelling approaches than the non-indigenous species (0.3%) and sea floor integrity (similar to 8%) descriptors. Out of 12 criteria and 21 MSFD indicators relevant to the abovementioned descriptors, currently only three indicators were not addressed by the 44 models reviewed. Modelling approaches showed also the potential to inform on the complex, integrative ecosystem dimensions while addressing ecosystem fundamental properties, such as interactions between structural components and ecosystems services provided, despite the fact that they are not part of the MSFD indicators set. The cataloguing of models and their derived indicators presented in this study, aim at helping the planning and integration of policies like the MSFD which require the assessment of all European Seas in relation to their ecosystem status and pressures associated and the establishment of environmental targets (through the use of indicators) to achieve GEnS by 2020. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Variations in reproductive strategy of the silver Arowana, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Cuvier, 1829 from four sub-basins of the Peruvian Amazon - Fabrice Duponchelle; Ruiz-Arce Adela; Waty, A.; García-Vasquez, Aurea; Renno, J-F; Chu-Koo, F; García-Dávila, C.; Vargas, Gladys; Salvador Tello; Ortiz, A.; Pinedo, R.; Manzanares Vásquez, R.; et al. (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)

What did we learn from PEGASEAS forum "Science and Governance of the Channel Marine Ecosystem"? - L Evariste; Claquin, Pascal; Jean-Paul Robin; Arnaud Auber; Abigail McQuatters-Gollop; Fletcher, Stephen; Glegg, Gillian; Jean-Claude Dauvin (Mar Pollut Bull, 2015)
As one of the busiest marine ecosystems in the world, the English Channel is subjected to strong pressures due to the human activities occurring within it. Effective governance is required to improve the combined management of different activities and so secure the benefits provided by the Channel ecosystem. In July 2014, a Cross-Channel Forum, entitled "Science and Governance of the Channel Marine Ecosystem", was held in Caen (France) as part of the INTERREG project "Promoting Effective Governance of the Channel Ecosystem" (PEGASEAS). Here we use outputs from the Forum as a framework for providing Channel-specific advice and recommendations on marine governance themes, including the identification of knowledge gaps, which may form the foundation of future projects for the next INTERREG project call (2015-2020).

Which factors determine the altitudinal distribution of tropical Andean riverine fishes? - De La Barra, Evans; Zubieta, José; Aguilera, Gastón; Maldonado, Mabel; Marc Pouilly; Oberdorff, Thierry (Revista de Biolog{ía Tropical/International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 2015)

Abnormal ovarian DNA methylation programming during gonad maturation in wild contaminated fish. - Pierron, Fabien; Bureau du Colombier, Sarah; Moffett, Audrey; Caron, Antoine; Peluhet, Laurent; Daffe, Guillemine; Lambert, Patrick; Elie, Pierre; Labadie, Pierre; Budzinski, Hélène; Sylvie Dufour; Couture, Patrice; et al. (Environ Sci Technol, 2014)
There is increasing evidence that pollutants may cause diseases via epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation participate in the regulation of gene transcription. Surprisingly, epigenetics research is still limited in ecotoxicology. In this study, we investigated whether chronic exposure to contaminants experienced by wild female fish (Anguilla anguilla) throughout their juvenile phase can affect the DNA methylation status of their oocytes during gonad maturation. Thus, fish were sampled in two locations presenting a low or a high contamination level. Then, fish were transferred to the laboratory and artificially matured. Before hormonal treatment, the DNA methylation levels of the genes encoding for the aromatase and the receptor of the follicle stimulating hormone were higher in contaminated fish than in fish from the clean site. For the hormone receptor, this hypermethylation was positively correlated with the contamination level of fish and was associated with a decrease in its transcription level. In addition, whereas gonad growth was associated with an increase in DNA methylation in fish from the clean site, no changes were observed in contaminated fish in response to hormonal treatment. Finally, a higher gonad growth was observed in fish from the reference site in comparison to contaminated fish.

Acute toxicity of 8 antidepressants: what are their modes of action? - Minguez, Laetitia; Farcy, E; Ballandonne, Céline; Lepailleur, Alban; Antoine Serpentini; Jean-Marc Lebel; Bureau, Ronan; Halm-Lemeille, Marie-Pierre (Chemosphere, 2014)
Currently, the hazard posed by pharmaceutical residues is a major concern of ecotoxicology. Most of the antidepressants belong to a family named the Cationic Amphipathic Drugs known to have specific interactions with cell membranes. The present study assessed the impact of eight antidepressants belonging to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors by the combination of multi-approaches (in vivo, in vitro, in silico) and gives some insights on the mode of action for these molecules. Antidepressants were from the most to the least toxic compound for Daphnia magna: Sertraline (EC50=1.15 mg L(-1))>Clomipramine (2.74 mg L(-1))>Amitriptyline (4.82 mg L(-1))>Fluoxetine (5.91 mg L(-1))>Paroxetine (6.24 mg L(-1))>Mianserine (7.81 mg L(-1))>Citalopram (30.14 mg L(-1)) and Venlafaxine (141.28 mg L(-1)). These acute toxicities were found correlated to Log Kow coefficients (R=0.93, p<0.001) and to cytotoxicity assessed on abalone hemocytes through the neutral red uptake assay (R=0.96, p<0.001). If narcosis as mode of action is typically expected during acute ecotoxicity bioassays, we showed by molecular modeling that particular interactions can exist between antidepressants and phosphatidylcholine, a major component of cell membranes, leading to a more specific mode of action corresponding to a potential acidic hydrolysis of ester functions.
Keywords: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Daphnia; Environmental Pollutants; Gastropoda; Hemocytes; Lysosomes; Models, Molecular; Phosphatidylcholines; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors

Amazon River carbon dioxide outgassing fuelled by wetlands - Gwenaël Abril; Martinez, Jean Michel; Luis Felipe Artigas; Moreira-Turcq, Patricia; Marc F Benedetti; Vidal, Luciana; Tarik Meziane; Kim, Jung-Hyun; Bernardes, Marcelo C; Savoye, Nicolas; Deborde, Jonathan; Lima Souza, Edivaldo; et al. (Nature, 2014)

Amphidromy and marine larval phase of ancestral Gobioids Rhyacichthys guilberti and Protogobius attiti (Teleostei: Rhyacichthyidae). - Hélène Tabouret; Tomadin, Marina; Taillebois, Laura; Iida, Midori; Clara Lord; Pécheyran, C; Philippe Keith (Marine and Freshwater Research, 2014)
Even if amphidromous fish species contribute most to the diversity of fish communities in the tropical insular rivers, their biological cycle remain poorly known. For the first time, the otolith elemental composition and microstructure of two ancestral gobioids, Rhyacichthys guilberti and Protogobius attiti, were investigated to describe their biological cycle and pelagic larval duration (PLD). The otolith analysis using a femtosecond laser ablation coupled to an inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometer (fs-LA-ICP-MS) revealed an amphidromous life history for R. guilberti and it suggested a progressive habitat shift from a marine habitat to a freshwater environment for P. attiti. For the first time, an endemic species, P. attiti, showed longer and more variable PLD (55.213.5 days) than did a widespread one (R. guilberti: ,30 days). These results need to be confirmed by analysing more samples but suggest that factors other than the PLD control endemism and dispersal processes. In association with this first description of the biological cycle for both species, such an approach is a prerequisite for the management and conservation of both patrimonial species.
Keywords: diadromy; freshwater gobies; otolith microchemistry; tropical islands.

Assessment of cytotoxic and immunomodulatory properties of four antidepressants on primary cultures of abalone hemocytes (Haliotis tuberculata). - Minguez, Laetitia; Halm-Lemeille, Marie-Pierre; Katherine Costil; Bureau, Ronan; Jean-Marc Lebel; Antoine Serpentini (Aquat Toxicol, 2014)
Pharmaceutical compounds like antidepressants found in surface waters raise concerns due to their potential toxicity on non-target aquatic organisms. This study aimed at investigating the in vitro cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory properties of four common antidepressants, namely Amitriptyline, Clomipramine, Citalopram and Paroxetine, on primary cultures of abalone hemocytes (Haliotis tuberculata), after 48 h-exposure. Effects on immunocompetence (phagocytosis, levels of reactive oxygen species, esterase activity and lysosomal membrane destabilization) were assessed. Results obtained by MTT assays revealed that acute toxicity is unlikely to occur in the environment since the LC50s of the four antidepressants are at the mg/L level. The different immunological endpoints displayed a biphasic response, with an increase at the lowest concentration (i.e. 1 μg/L) followed by a decrease at higher concentrations. Overall, Amitriptyline and Clomipramine, the two tricyclic antidepressants, had higher immunomodulatory capacities than the two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Citalopram and Paroxetine. Amitriptyline was the most potent and Citalopram the least potent drug in altering immune function in H. tuberculata.
Keywords: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Enzyme Activation; Esterases; Gastropoda; Hemocytes; Immunity, Innate; Lethal Dose 50; Phagocytosis; Reactive Oxygen Species; Water Pollutants, Chemical

Bacterial dynamics in a microphytobenthic biofilm: A tidal mesocosm approach - Hélène Agogué; Clarisse Mallet; Francis Orvain; Margot de Crignis; Françoise Mornet; Christine Dupuy (Journal of Sea Research, 2014)

Biogeographic patterns of fish - Percy-Alexander Hulley; Causse, Romain; Koubbi, Philippe; Vacchi, Marino (The Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean, 2014)

Biomineralization of Schlumbergerella floresiana, a significant carbonate-producing benthic foraminifer. - Sabbatini, A; Bedouet, L; Marie, A; Bartolini, A; Landemarre, L; Weber, M X; Gusti Ngurah Kade Mahardika, I; Berland, Sophie; Zito, F; Vénec-Peyré, M-T (Geobiology, 2014)
Most foraminifera that produce a shell are efficient biomineralizers. We analyzed the calcitic shell of the large tropical benthic foraminifer Schlumbergerella floresiana. We found a suite of macromolecules containing many charged and polar amino acids and glycine that are also abundant in biomineralization proteins of other phyla. As neither genomic nor transcriptomic data are available for foraminiferal biomineralization yet, de novo-generated sequences, obtained from organic matrices submitted to ms blast database search, led to the characterization of 156 peptides. Very few homologous proteins were matched in the proteomic database, implying that the peptides are derived from unknown proteins present in the foraminiferal organic matrices. The amino acid distribution of these peptides was queried against the uniprot database and the mollusk uniprot database for comparison. The mollusks compose a well-studied phylum that yield a large variety of biomineralization proteins. These results showed that proteins extracted from S. floresiana shells contained sequences enriched with glycine, alanine, and proline, making a set of residues that provided a signature unique to foraminifera. Three of the de novo peptides exhibited sequence similarities to peptides found in proteins such as pre-collagen-P and a group of P-type ATPases including a calcium-transporting ATPase. Surprisingly, the peptide that was most similar to the collagen-like protein was a glycine-rich peptide reported from the test and spine proteome of sea urchin. The molecules, identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analyses, included acid-soluble N-glycoproteins with its sugar moieties represented by high-mannose-type glycans and carbohydrates. Describing the nature of the proteins, and associated molecules in the skeletal structure of living foraminifera, can elucidate the biomineralization mechanisms of these major carbonate producers in marine ecosystems. As fossil foraminifera provide important paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic information, a better understanding of biomineralization in these organisms will have far-reaching impacts.
Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Calcification, Physiologic; Carbonates; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Foraminifera; Molecular Sequence Data; Monosaccharides

Cellular effects of bacterial N-3-Oxo-dodecanoyl-L-Homoserine lactone on the sponge Suberites domuncula (Olivi, 1792): insights into an intimate inter-kingdom dialogue. - Gardères, Johan; Joël Henry; Bernay, Benoît; Ritter, Andrès; Céline Zatylny-Gaudin; Wiens, Matthias; Müller, Werner E G; Le Pennec, Gaël (PLoS One, 2014)
Sponges and bacteria have lived together in complex consortia for 700 million years. As filter feeders, sponges prey on bacteria. Nevertheless, some bacteria are associated with sponges in symbiotic relationships. To enable this association, sponges and bacteria are likely to have developed molecular communication systems. These may include molecules such as N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones, produced by Gram-negative bacteria also within sponges. In this study, we examined the role of N-3-oxododecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL) on the expression of immune and apoptotic genes of the host sponge Suberites domuncula. This molecule seemed to inhibit the sponge innate immune system through a decrease of the expression of genes coding for proteins sensing the bacterial membrane: a Toll-Like Receptor and a Toll-like Receptor Associated Factor 6 and for an anti-bacterial perforin-like molecule. The expression of the pro-apoptotic caspase-like 3/7 gene decreased as well, whereas the level of mRNA of anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-2 Homolog Proteins did not change. Then, we demonstrated the differential expression of proteins in presence of this 3-oxo-C12-HSL using 3D sponge cell cultures. Proteins involved in the first steps of the endocytosis process were highlighted using the 2D electrophoresis protein separation and the MALDI-TOF/TOF protein characterization: α and β subunits of the lysosomal ATPase, a cognin, cofilins-related proteins and cytoskeleton proteins actin, α tubulin and α actinin. The genetic expression of some of these proteins was subsequently followed. We propose that the 3-oxo-C12-HSL may participate in the tolerance of the sponge apoptotic and immune systems towards the presence of bacteria. Besides, the sponge may sense the 3-oxo-C12-HSL as a molecular evidence of the bacterial presence and/or density in order to regulate the populations of symbiotic bacteria in the sponge. This study is the first report of a bacterial secreted molecule acting on sponge cells and regulating the symbiotic relationship.

Cephalopod development: what we can learn from differences - Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli; Yann Bassaglia (OA Biology, 2014)
Introduction The molluscan neuro-muscular system shows extreme diversity. Cephalopods present an original body plan, a derived neuro-muscular complex and a development with drastic changes in the antero-posterior/dorso-ventral orientation. How it took place during evolution is an unresolved question that can be approached by the study of developmental genes. Studying the expression of conserved transcription factors (Pax and NK families, otx, apt) and morphogen (hedgehog) during development is a good test of the conservation of their functions. We underline here unexpected expression patterns during cephalopod development, and we aim to suggest that these patterns may be, at least partly, in relation to morphological novelties in this clade. Conclusion The expression patterns observed point out the diversity of molecular pathways recruited during evolution and the necessary carefulness regarding generalization of results obtained from a very small set of model organisms. Studying different species, with a large diversity of morphology, could help to have a better understanding of the variety of the genes roles and/or of the plasticity of networks.

Cephalopods in neuroscience: regulations, research and the 3Rs. - Fiorito, Graziano; Affuso, Andrea; Anderson, David B; Basil, Jennifer; Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli; Botta, Giovanni; Cole, Alison; D'Angelo, Livia; De Girolamo, Paolo; Dennison, Ngaire; Dickel, Ludovic; Di Cosmo, Anna; et al. (Invert Neurosci, 2014)
Cephalopods have been utilised in neuroscience research for more than 100 years particularly because of their phenotypic plasticity, complex and centralised nervous system, tractability for studies of learning and cellular mechanisms of memory (e.g. long-term potentiation) and anatomical features facilitating physiological studies (e.g. squid giant axon and synapse). On 1 January 2013, research using any of the about 700 extant species of "live cephalopods" became regulated within the European Union by Directive 2010/63/EU on the "Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes", giving cephalopods the same EU legal protection as previously afforded only to vertebrates. The Directive has a number of implications, particularly for neuroscience research. These include: (1) projects will need justification, authorisation from local competent authorities, and be subject to review including a harm-benefit assessment and adherence to the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction). (2) To support project evaluation and compliance with the new EU law, guidelines specific to cephalopods will need to be developed, covering capture, transport, handling, housing, care, maintenance, health monitoring, humane anaesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia. (3) Objective criteria need to be developed to identify signs of pain, suffering, distress and lasting harm particularly in the context of their induction by an experimental procedure. Despite diversity of views existing on some of these topics, this paper reviews the above topics and describes the approaches being taken by the cephalopod research community (represented by the authorship) to produce "guidelines" and the potential contribution of neuroscience research to cephalopod welfare.
Keywords: 3Rs; Animal welfare; Cephalopods; Directive2010/63/EU; Neuroscience

Cg-SoxE and Cg-β-catenin, two new potential actors of the sex-determining pathway in a hermaphrodite lophotrochozoan, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas - Santerre, Christelle; Sourdaine, Pascal; Adeline, Béatrice; Anne-Sophie Martinez (Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 2014)
Sex determination is poorly known in mollusks, lophotrochozoa and most hermaphrodites. In the oyster Crassostrea gigas, an irregular successive hermaphrodite, sex determination may occur at the end of a gametogenetic cycle to prepare the next cycle. To investigate further into these aspects we have focused on orthologs of SoxE and β-catenin, key players of the male and female gonadic differentiation respectively in mammals. Based on phylogenetic analyses, Cg-SoxE, the oyster's SoxE ortholog, is closely related to vertebrate SoxE genes while Cg-β-catenin, the oyster's β-catenin ortholog, is classified amongst lophotrochozoa. The mRNA expression measured by qPCR in the gonadic area during a gametogenetic cycle is maximal for Cg-SoxE when sex is indiscernible and for Cg-β-catenin in mature females. Both expressions are localized from early germ cells to spermatocytes and pre-vitellogenic oocytes, and potentially in somatic cells. Cg-β-catenin is also expressed in vitellogenic oocytes. These actors may be involved in early oyster gonadic differentiation, which includes sex determination. Our results enhance the understanding of sex determination in C. gigas and in mollusks and they provide additional knowledge in compared genomics of reproduction and in molecular phylogeny.
Keywords: Gonadic differentiation; Oyster; Sex-determining pathways; Sox9; β-catenin

Chapter 7. Biogeographic patterns of fish - Guy Duhamel; Percy-Alexander Hulley; Causse, Romain; Koubbi, Philippe; Vacchi, Marino; Patrice Pruvost; Vigetta, Stephanie; Irisson, J.-O.; Mormede, Sophie; Belchier, Mark; others (Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean, 2014)

Chapter Four : Transitions During Cephalopod Life History: The Role of Habitat, Environment, Functional Morphology and Behaviour - Jean-Paul Robin; Roberts, Michael; Zeidberg, Lou; Bloor, Isobel; Rodriguez, Almendra; Briceño, Felipe; Downey, Nicola; Mascaró, Maite; Guerra, Angel; Hofmeister, Jennifer; Barcellos, Diogo D.; Lourenço, Silvia A.P.; et al. (2014)
Keywords: Acquisition of behaviours; Adult; Cephalopod ontogeny; Cohort survival; Environmental variability; Habitat shifts; Juvenile; Life stages; Morphological changes; Paralarvae; Subadult

Characterisation and expression of the biomineralising gene Lustrin A during shell formation of the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata - Gaume, Béatrice; Denis, Françoise; Van Wormhoudt, Alain; Huchette, Sylvain; Jackson, Daniel; Avignon, Solène; Stéphanie Auzoux-Bordenave (Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , Part B, 2014)
The molluscan shell is a remarkable product of a highly biomineralisation process, and is composed of calcium carbonate most commonly in the form of calcite or aragonite. The exceptional mechanical properties of this biomaterial are imparted by the embedded organic matrix which is secreted by the underlying mantle tissue. While many shell-matrix proteins have already been identified within adult molluscan shell, their presence and role in the early developmental stages of larval shell formation are not well understood. In the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata, the shell first forms in the early trochophore larva and develops into a mineralised protoconch in the veliger. Following metamorphosis, the juvenile shell rapidly changes as it becomes flattened and develops a more complex crystallographic profile including an external granular layer and an internal nacreous layer. Among the matrix proteins involved in abalone shell formation, Lustrin A is thought to participate in the formation of the nacreous layer. Here we have identified a partial cDNA coding for the Lustrin A gene in H. tuberculata and have analysed its spatial and temporal expression during abalone development. RT-PCR experiments indicate that Lustrin A is first expressed in juvenile (post-metamorphosis) stages, suggesting that Lustrin A is a component of the juvenile shell, but not of the larval shell. We also detected Lustrin A mRNAs in non-nacre forming cells at the distal-most edge of the juvenile mantle as well as in the nacre-forming region of the mantle. Lustrin A was also expressed in 7-day-old post-larvae, prior to the formation of nacre. These results suggest that Lustrin A plays multiple roles in the shell-forming process and further highlight the dynamic ontogenic nature of molluscan shell formation.
Keywords: biomineralisation; Haliotis tuberculata; larval development; Lustrin A; mollusc; organic matrix; shell

Characterization of spermatogonial markers in the mature testis of the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula L.) - Bosseboeuf, A; Aude Gautier; Auvray, P; Mazan, S; Pascal Sourdaine (Reproduction, 2014)

Colonisation of leaf litter by lotic macroinvertebrates in a headwater stream of the Phachi River (western Thailand) - Frank David; Boonsoong, Boonsatien (Fundamental and Applied Limnology, 2014)

Combining quantitative and qualitative models to identify functional groups for monitoring changes in the Bay of Biscay continental shelf exploited foodweb - Géraldine Lassalle; Nelva Pasqual, J-S; Boët, P; Rochet, M J; Trenkel, V M; Nathalie Niquil (ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2014)
To develop and implement ecosystem-based management, it is critical to monitor foodweb components or functional groups which are robust to uncertainty in ecosystem structure and functioning yet sensitive to changes. To select such functional groups for the Bay of Biscay continental shelf, both quantitative and qualitative foodweb models were developed. First, functional groups for which predictions of directions of change following an increase in primary productivity, prey or predators, or in fishing activities were identical across alternative qualitative model structures were identified. Second, the robustness to model type was assessed by comparing qualitative predictions with quantitative Ecopath model results. The demersal fish community was identified as a sensitive and robust indicator for monitoring foodweb ecological status in the Bay of Biscay. The present study also suggested the potential antagonistic effects of alternative management measures on small pelagic fish and highlighted the need for the joint management of all pressures.
Keywords: comparative studies; ecosystem management; foodweb; loop analysis; Northeast Atlantic continental shelf

Comparison of the sensitivity of seven marine and freshwater bioassays as regards antidepressant toxicity assessment. - Minguez, Laetitia; Di Poi, C; Farcy, E; Ballandonne, Céline; Benchouala, Amira; Bojic, Clément; Cossu-Leguille, Carole; Katherine Costil; Antoine Serpentini; Jean-Marc Lebel; Halm-Lemeille, Marie-Pierre (Ecotoxicology, 2014)
The hazards linked to pharmaceutical residues like antidepressants are currently a major concern of ecotoxicology because they may have adverse effects on non-target aquatic organisms. Our study assesses the ecotoxicity of three antidepressants (fluoxetine, sertraline and clomipramine) using a battery of marine and freshwater species representing different trophic levels, and compares the bioassay sensitivity levels. We selected the following bioassays: the algal growth inhibition test (Skeletonema marinoi and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), the microcrustacean immobilization test (Artemia salina and Daphnia magna), development and adult survival tests on Hydra attenuata, embryotoxicity and metamorphosis tests on Crassostrea gigas, and in vitro assays on primary cultures of Haliotis tuberculata hemocytes. The results showed high inter-species variability in EC50-values ranging from 43 to 15,600 µg/L for fluoxetine, from 67 to 4,400 µg/L for sertraline, and from 4.70 µg/L to more than 100,000 µg/L for clomipramine. Algae (S. marinoi and P. subcapitata) and the embryo-larval stages of the oyster C. gigas were the most sensitive taxa. This raises an issue due to their ecological and/or economic importance. The marine crustacean A. salina was the least sensitive species. This difference in sensitivity between bioassays highlights the importance of using a test battery.

Complementarity of rarity, specialisation and functional diversity metrics to assess community responses to environmental changes, using an example of spider communities in salt marshes - Leroy, Boris; Le Viol, Isabelle; Petillon, J (Ecological Indicators, 2014)
The study of community responses to environmental changes can be enhanced by the recent development of new metrics useful in applied conservation: relative rarity, ecological specialisation and functional diversity. These different metrics have been critically assessed independently, but are rarely combined in applied conservation studies, especially for less-studied taxa such as arthropods. Here we report how these different metrics can complement each other by using the response of spider communities to environmental changes in salt marshes as an example. Sampling took place using pitfall traps in salt marshes of the Mont St Michel Bay (France) during 2004 and 2007. The sampling design was spatially replicated (3 plots per treatment and 4 traps per plot) and encompassed four habitat treatments: control, sheep grazing, cutting (annual, in summer) and invasion by the plant Elymus athericus. We observed contrasting responses of spider communities to the different treatments: grazing had a negative impact on both rarity and functional diversity but a positive impact on specialisation; cutting had a negative impact on the three metrics; and invasion only had a negative impact on rarity and specialisation. These contrasting responses emphasise the necessity of using different complementary community metrics in such conservation studies. Consequently, rarity-, specialisation-, and functional-based indices should be applied simultaneously more frequently, as they potentially provide additional complementary information about communities. Such complementary information is the key to better-informed conservation choices.
Keywords: Community Specialisation Index; CSI; Cutting; FDiv; Functional divergence; Functional Divergence Index; Grazing; Index of Relative Rarity; IRR; Species Specialisation Index; spiders; SSI

Complex patterns in phytoplankton and microeukaryote diversity along the estuarine continuum - Bazin, Pauline; Fabien Jouenne; Deton-Cabanillas, Anne-Flore; Perez-Ruzafa, Angel; Benoît Véron (Hydrobiologia, 2014)
Keywords: 18S rDNA clone libraries; Diversity; Estuarine gradient; Microeukaryotes; Microscopy; Phytoplankton; semiarid area

Contrasting Benthos Communities and Prey Selection by Red Knot Calidris canutus in Three Nearby Bays on the Channel Coast - Gwenaël Quaintenne; Bocher, P.; Ponsero, A.; Caillot, E.; Eric Feunteun (Ardea, 2014)

Could FaRP-Like Peptides Participate in Regulation of Hyperosmotic Stress Responses in Plants? - Bouteau, Francois; Yann Bassaglia; Monetti, Emanuela; Tran, Daniel; Navet, S; Mancuso, Stefano; El-Maarouf-Bouteau, Hayat; Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli (Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2014)
The ability to respond to hyperosmotic stress is one of the numerous conserved cellular processes that most of the organisms have to face during their life. In metazoans, some peptides belonging to the FMRFamide-like peptide (FLP) family were shown to participate in osmoregulation via regulation of ion channels; this is, a well-known response to hyperosmotic stress in plants. Thus, we explored whether FLPs exist and regulate osmotic stress in plants. First, we demonstrated the response of Arabidopsis thaliana cultured cells to a metazoan FLP (FLRF). We found that A. thaliana express genes that display typical FLP repeated sequences, which end in RF and are surrounded by K or R, which is typical of cleavage sites and suggests bioactivity; however, the terminal G, allowing an amidation process in metazoan, seems to be replaced by W. Using synthetic peptides, we showed that amidation appears unnecessary to bioactivity in A. thaliana, and we provide evidence that these putative FLPs could be involved in physiological processes related to hyperosmotic stress responses in plants, urging further studies on this topic.

Detailed reconstruction of the musculature in Limnognathia maerski (Micrognathozoa) and comparison with other Gnathifera - Bekkouche, Nicolas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M; Hejnol, Andreas; Sørensen, Martin V; Worsaae, Katrine (Frontiers in Zoology, 2014)

Determinación del sexo en arahuana Osteoglossum bicirrhosum mediante la detección de los niveles plasmáticos de vitelogenina - Ramírez-Arrarte, Pedro; Jesus Nuñez-Rodriguez; Chu-Koo, Fred (Ciencia Amazónica, 2014)
Keywords: Arahuana; Sexaje; Vitellogenine

Direct evidence for maternal inheritance of bacterial symbionts in small deep-sea clams (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae). - Szafranski, Kamil M; Sylvie M Gaudron; Sébastien Duperron (Naturwissenschaften, 2014)
Bacterial symbiont transmission is a key step in the renewal of the symbiotic interaction at each host generation, and different modes of transmission can be distinguished. Vesicomyidae are chemosynthetic bivalves from reducing habitats that rely on symbiosis with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, in which two studies suggesting vertical transmission of symbionts have been published, both limited by the imaging techniques used. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that bacterial symbionts of Isorropodon bigoti, a gonochoristic Vesicomyidae from the Guiness cold seep site, occur intracellularly within female gametes at all stages of gametogenesis from germ cells to mature oocytes and in early postlarval stage. Symbionts are completely absent from the male gonad and gametes. This study confirms the transovarial transmission of symbionts in Vesicomyidae and extends it to the smaller species for which no data were previously available.
Keywords: Animals; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Bivalvia; Female; Germ Cells; Gonads; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Oceans and Seas; Symbiosis

Distocyclus guchereauae a new species of Neotropical electric fish, (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae), from French Guiana. - François J Meunier; Philippe Keith; Michel Jégu (Cybium, 2014)
Keywords: Distocyclus guchereauae; French Guiana; Gymnotiformes; New species; Sternopygidae

Diversity of cultivable fungi associated with Antarctic marine sponges and screening for their antimicrobial, antitumoral and antioxidant potential. - Henríquez, Marlene; Vergara, Karen; Norambuena, Javiera; Beiza, Andrea; Maza, Felipe; Ubilla, Pamela; Araya, Ivanna; Chávez, Renato; San-Martín, Aurelio; Darias, José; Darias, Maria; Vaca, Inmaculada (World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2014)
The diversity of sponge-associated fungi has been poorly investigated in remote geographical areas like Antarctica. In this study, 101 phenotypically different fungal isolates were obtained from 11 sponge samples collected in King George Island, Antarctica. The analysis of ITS sequences revealed that they belong to the phylum Ascomycota. Sixty-five isolates belong to the genera Geomyces, Penicillium, Epicoccum, Pseudeurotium, Thelebolus, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Phoma, and Trichocladium but 36 isolates could not be identified at genus level. In order to estimate the potential of these isolates as producers of interesting bioactivities, antimicrobial, antitumoral and antioxidant activities of fungal culture extracts were assayed. Around 51% of the extracts, mainly from the genus Geomyces and non identified relatives, showed antimicrobial activity against some of the bacteria tested. On the other hand, around 42% of the extracts showed potent antitumoral activity, Geomyces sp. having the best performance. Finally, the potential of the isolated fungi as producers of antioxidant activity seems to be moderate. Our results suggest that fungi associated with Antarctic sponges, particularly Geomyces, would be valuable sources of antimicrobial and antitumoral compounds. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the biodiversity and the metabolic potential of fungi associated with Antarctic marine sponges.
Keywords: Animals; Antarctic Regions; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Ascomycota; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Porifera; Sequence Analysis, DNA

Diversity of the RFamide peptide family in mollusks - Céline Zatylny-Gaudin; Pascal Favrel (frontiers in endocrinology, 2014)
Since the initial characterization of the cardioexcitatory peptide FMRFamide in the bivalve mollusk Macrocallista nimbosa, a great number of FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs) have been identified in mollusks. FLPs were initially isolated and molecularly characterized in model mollusks using biochemical methods. The development of recombinant technologies and, more recently, of genomics has boosted knowledge on their diversity in various mollusk classes. Today, mollusk FLPs represent approximately 75 distinct RFamide peptides that appear to result from the expression of only five genes: the FMRFamide-related peptide gene, the LFRFamide gene, the luqin gene, the neuropeptide F gene, and the cholecystokinin/ sulfakinin gene. FLPs display a complex spatiotemporal pattern of expression in the central and peripheral nervous system.Working as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, or neurohormones, FLPs are involved in the control of a great variety of biological and physiological processes including cardiovascular regulation, osmoregulation, reproduction, digestion, and feeding behavior. From an evolutionary viewpoint, the major challenge will then logically concern the elucidation of the FLP repertoire of orphan mollusk classes and the way they are functionally related. In this respect, deciphering FLP signaling pathways by characterizing the specific receptors these peptides bind remains another exciting objective.

Diversity structure of phytoplankton communities and primary productivity in a temperate epicontinental sea - Napoléon, C; Fiant, Liliane; Raimbault, V; Riou, P; Pascal Claquin (Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2014)
The dynamics of the phytoplankton assemblage, the physical, chemical and biological parameters, and primary productivity and production were monitored in the central English Channel along a transect between Ouistreham and Portsmouth from January to December 2010. The spatial patterns of the phytoplankton assemblage were controlled by the hydrological characteristics of the water masses, and the annual structure of the phytoplankton assemblage was characteristic of the central English Channel and was controlled by seasonality. The spring bloom was dominated by a single species, Chaetoceros socialis, and associated with low microphytoplankton evenness and Shannon-Wiener indices, whereas the evenness index was high from late spring to winter and associated with the proliferation of pico- and nanophytoplankton cells. We identified 2 species responsible for harmful algal blooms, Phaeocystis globosa, which dominated the community in the northern part of the Seine Bay in May, and Lepidodinium chlorophorum, which dominated the community near the French coast in September. We examined the relationship between microphytoplankton diversity and maximum primary production and productivity. We found a negative parabolic relationship between the diversity indices (evenness and Shannon-Wiener) and maximum primary production, and a positive parabolic relationship between the number of taxa (richness) and maximum primary production. However, we found no relationship between maximum productivity and the evenness or richness indices. High levels of productivity were measured during the increasing abundance of pico and nanophytoplankton cells, highlighting the importance of taking the dominant functional group into account, rather than the degree of diversity, when explaining the level of productivity.
Keywords: English Channel; Phytoplankton diversity; primary production; Productivity

Dual role of the cuttlefish salivary proteome in defense and predation. - Cornet, Valérie; Joël Henry; Corre, Erwan; Gildas Le Corguille; Zanuttini, Bruno; Céline Zatylny-Gaudin (J Proteomics, 2014)
UNLABELLED: We characterized the proteome of the posterior salivary glands of the cephalopod S. officinalis by combining de novo RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry. In silico analysis of the transcriptome revealed the occurrence of three main categories of proteins: enzymes, immune factors and toxins. Protein identification by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF confirmed the occurrence of proteins essential to venom-like enzymes: peptidase S1 under four isoforms, phospholipase A2 and two toxins. The first toxin is a cystein rich secreted protein (CRISP), a common toxin found in all venomous animals. The second one is cephalotoxin, which is specific to decabrachia cephalopods. Secretions of the posterior salivary glands are transported to the cephalopodium; they are involved in prey catching but also in gamete storage, fertilization and egg-laying. The paralyzing activity and the antimicrobial effect of saliva suggest a dual role in predation and in immune defense in cuttlefish. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The originality of this study lies in the use of a transcriptomic approach (de novo RNA sequencing) coupled to a proteomic approach to get an overview of posterior salivary glands in S. officinalis. In cephalopods, these glands are involved in predation, more precisely in paralyzing preys and digesting them. Our in silico analysis equally reveals a role in immune defense as observed in mammals' saliva. Our study also shows the specificity of cuttlefish venom, with the identification of cephalotoxins, proteins that are not found in octopuses. Finally, we show that cuttlefish saliva is a complex mixture that has antibacterial and crippling properties, but no lethal effect.

An ecosystem-based approach to assess the status of a mediterranean ecosystem, the Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadow - Personnic, S.; Boudouresque, C.F.; Astruch, P.; Ballesteros, E.; Blouet, S.; Bellan-Santini, D.; Bonhomme, P.; Thibault-Botha, D.; Eric Feunteun; Mireille Harmelin-Vivien; Pergent, G.; Pergent-Martini, C.; et al. (PLoS ONE, 2014)

The effect of cold stress on the proteome of the marine bacteriumPseudomonas fluorescens BA3SM1 and its ability to copewith metal excess - Isabelle Poirier; Lauriane Kuhn; Christelle Caplat; Philippe Hammann; Martine Bertrand (Aquatic Toxicology, 2014)
This study examined the effect of cold stress on the proteome and metal tolerance of Pseudomonas fluo-rescens BA3SM1, a marine strain isolated from tidal flat sediments. When cold stress (+10◦C for 36 h)was applied before moderate metal stress (0.4 mM Cd, 0.6 mM Cd, 1.5 mM Zn, and 1.5 mM Cu), growthdisturbances induced by metal, in comparison with respective controls, were reduced for Cd and Znwhile they were pronounced for Cu. This marine strain was able to respond to cold stress through a num-ber of changes in protein regulation. Analysis of the predicted differentially expressed protein functionsdemonstrated that some mechanisms developed under cold stress were similar to those developed inresponse to Cd, Zn, and Cu. Therefore, pre-cold stress could help this strain to better counteract toxicityof moderate concentrations of some metals. P. fluorescens BA3SM1 was able to remove up to 404.3 mgCd/g dry weight, 172.5 mg Zn/g dry weight, and 11.3 mg Cu/g dry weight and its metal biosorption abilityseemed to be related to the bacterial growth phase. Thus, P. fluorescens BA3SM1 appears as a promisingagent for bioremediation processes, even at low temperatures.
Keywords: Cold stress; Marine strain; Metal biosorptiona; Proteomics; Pseudomonas fluorescens

The effect of dietary oxidized lipid levels on growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, intestinal lipid deposition and skeletogenesis in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae - Boglino, A; Darias, Maria; Estévez, A; Andree, K B; Sarasquete, Carmen; Ortiz-Delgado, Juan Bosco; Solé, M; Gisbert, E (Aquaculture Nutrition, 2014)
Fish tissues, particularly rich in n-3 PUFA, are prone to lipid peroxidation that can damage cellular membranes, cause severe lesions and subsequently incidences of disease and mortality. However, fish possess antioxidant defences, such as vitamin E (VE) and antioxidant enzymes, to protect them against oxidative damage. This study investigated the effects of an increasing gradient of oxidized dietary lipid on the survival, growth performance, skeletogenesis and antioxidant defensive processes occurring in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae. Four groups of fish were fed live prey enriched with experimental emulsions containing an increasing gradient of oxidized oil: non-oxidized, NO+VE, 34.5 nmol MDA g−1 w.w.; mildly oxidized, MO+VE, 43.1 nmol MDA g−1 w.w.; highly oxidized, HO+VE, 63.3 nmol MDA g−1 w.w. and highly oxidized without VE, HO-VE, 78.8 nmol MDA g−1 w.w. The oxidation levels increased in enriched rotifers following the oxidation gradient of the emulsions, but were not affected in enriched Artemia metanauplii. The oxidation status of Senegalese sole larvae increased during development, but this was not related to the dietary treatments. The increasing dietary oxidation levels did not affect the fatty acid profile, survival, growth performance and metamorphosis processes of sole larvae. Senegalese sole seem to activate antioxidant defence mechanisms in response to the increasing amounts of dietary peroxidized lipids, in a manner efficiently enough to prevent detection of any alterations of these physiological processes. Antioxidant systems and detoxification mechanisms appeared to occur through the consumption of dietary α-tocopherol, the activation of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase) and the retention of oxidized fat in the intestinal enterocytes for detoxification prior to their utilization. However, fish fed the highest oxidized diet presented a reduction in bone mineralization, but lower incidence of deformities in the vertebral and caudal regions than fish fed the other diets. This study exemplifies the importance of rearing Senegalese sole larvae on non-oxidized diets during the early larval development to avoid detrimental consequences in older fish, most notably in the process of skeletogenesis.
Keywords: antioxidant enzymes; lipid peroxidation; live prey enrichment; skeletogenesis; Solea senegalensis larvae; vitamin E

The effect of different polychlorinated biphenyls on two aquatic models, the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the haemocytes from the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata. - Halm-Lemeille, Marie-Pierre; Abbaszadeh Fard, Elham; Latire, T; Ferard, Jean-François; Katherine Costil; Jean-Marc Lebel; Bureau, Ronan; Antoine Serpentini (Chemosphere, 2014)
The present study was conducted to determine the toxicity of different polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the haemocytes from the European abalone, Haliotis tuberculata. Using the algal growth inhibition test, the green algae median Effective Concentration (EC50) values ranged from 0.34μM for PCB28 to more than 100μM for PCBs 101 and 153. Considering the MTT viability test, the abalone EC50 values ranged from 1.67μM for PCB153 to 89μM for PCB28. Our results in contrast to previous observation in vertebrates did not show significant differences between the dioxin like- and non dioxin like-PCBs toxicities regardless of the model used. However, our results demonstrated that the toxicities of PCBs were species dependent. For example, PCB28 was the most toxic compound for P. subcapitata whereas PCBs 1, 180 and 153 were less toxic for that species. On the contrary, PCB153 was reported as the most toxic for H. tuberculata haemocytes and PCB28 the least toxic. To investigate the mode of action of these compounds, we used an in silico method. Our results suggested that PCBs have a non-specific mode of action (e.g., narcosis) on green algae, and another mode of action, probably more specific than narcosis, was reported for PCBs on the abalone haemocytes.
Keywords: Animals; Chlorophyta; Environmental Pollutants; Gastropoda; Hemocytes; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

Effects of acute exposures to mecoprop, mecoprop-p and their biodegradation product (2-MCP) on the larval stages of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. - Mottier, A; Kientz-Bouchart, Valérie; Dubreule, Christelle; Antoine Serpentini; Jean-Marc Lebel; Katherine Costil (Aquat Toxicol, 2014)
Studies have shown that pesticides are sometimes detected at rather high levels in seawater and it has been suggested that these chemical compounds could act as additional stress factor for oysters cultured in coastal environments. The effects of pesticides on marine molluscs could be particularly harmful in the early stages which correspond to critical life stages. This study aimed to assess the effects of mecoprop, mecoprop-p and their degradation compound 2-methyl-4-chlorophenol on two larval stages of Crassostrea gigas. Embryotoxic effects were assessed on veliger larvae after 36 h exposures, and both percentages of normal larvae and types of abnormalities were taken into account. The effects of the three substances were evaluated on 21-day-old pediveliger larvae by calculating metamorphosis rates after 24h exposures. The results of the embryotoxicity assay indicated that 2-methyl-4-chlorophenol was more toxic (EC50: 10.81 mg L(-1)) than its parent compounds (EC50 mecoprop: 42.55 mg L(-1); EC50 mecoprop-p: 78.85 mg L(-1)). Mecoprop in particular injured shell formation with an increase of shell abnormalities following herbicide concentrations. The active substances were not toxic to metamorphosis processes, but 2-MCP was revealed to be more toxic to the success of metamorphosis (EC50: 7.20 mg L(-1)) than to embryo-larval development. However, the toxic concentrations were several orders of magnitude higher than environmental concentrations.
Keywords: 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid; Animals; Chlorophenols; Crassostrea; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Larva; Metamorphosis, Biological; Water Pollutants, Chemical

Effects of CO2, nutrients and light on coastal plankton: II. Metabolic rates. Aquatic Biology - Mercado, J. M.; Sobrino, C; Neale, P.J.; Segovia, M.; Reul, A.; Amorim, A.L.; Carrillo, P; Pascal Claquin; Cabrerizo, M.J; León, P.; Lorenzo, M.R; Medina, J. M.; et al. (Aquatic Biology, 2014)
We conducted a microcosm experiment aimed at studying the interactive effects of high CO2, nutrient loading and irradiance on the metabolism of a planktonic community sampled in the Western Mediterranean near the coast of Málaga. Changes in the metabolism of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton were observed for 7 d under 8 treatment conditions, representing the full factorial combinations of 2 levels each of CO2, nutrient concentration and solar radiation exposure. The initial plankton sample was collected at the surface from a stratified water column, indicating that phytoplankton were naturally acclimated to high irradiance and low nutrient concentrations. Nutrient addition combined with high irradiance resulted in a significant increase in primary production. Nitrate uptake by phytoplankton was also stimulated under high nutrient conditions. High nutrients, high irradiance and the combination of low CO2 and high irradiance positively affected bacterial production. Light was the main factor affecting the respiration rates of the community, which were higher at the high light level. After 7 d of incubation, nutrient loading was the only factor that significantly affected the amount of particulate organic carbon (POC) accumulated in the microcosms. Therefore, the changes in metabolic rates produced at high CO2 had no effect on net production of particulate organic matter. If these results are extrapolated to the natural environment, it could be hypothesized that high levels of CO2 will have a limited impact on biological pump activity in the northern Alboran Sea since it is assumed that POC export towards deeper layers determines the potential for carbon sequestration.

The effects of dietary arachidonic acid on bone in flatfish larvae: the last but not the least of the essential fatty acids - Boglino, A; Darias, Maria; Andree, K B; Estévez, A; Gisbert, E (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2014)
Flatfish can provide a reliable model to study developmental disorders in bone tissues occurring during morphogenesis in response to nutritional imbalances. To date, most studies dealing with the effect of dietary essential fatty acids (EFA) on skeletogenesis in fish have focused their investigation on the role of docohexanoic (22:6n−3, DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5n–3, EPA) acids, but only a few have focused on investigating the effects of arachidonic acid (20:4n–6, ARA) on bone during fish larval development. Bone development and composition at larval stage have been demonstrated to be highly sensitive to dietary levels of EFA, in particular the EPA and ARA acids, both precursors for highly bioactive eicosanoids presenting opposite effects on bone metabolism. Since fish are not able to synthesize EFA, they need to obtain them from the diet. However, dietary imbalances in EPA and ARA in flatfish larvae may disrupt bone formation and osteoblast differentiation in skeletal tissues, leading to the incidence of skeletal deformities, reduced mineralization and problems of bone remodelling in the cranial region associated with impaired eye migration. These anomalies in skeletal structures are one of the most important factors that affect flatfish larval quality and hamper their production. Thus, we have reviewed the current state of knowledge about the effects of dietary ARA contents on skeletogenesis in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis), one of the main flatfish species cultured in Europe. Their larval quality still suffers for a high incidence of skeletal anomalies induced by dietary imbalances during metamorphosis.

The effects of dietary arachidonic acid on Senegalese sole morphogenesis: A synthesis of recent findings - Boglino, A; Wishkerman, A; Darias, Maria; de la Iglesia, P; Estévez, A; Andree, K B; Gisbert, E (Aquaculture, 2014)
Abstract In this study we evaluated the effects of high dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) levels on prostaglandin \{E2\} (PGE2) and \{E3\} (PGE3) production and their effect on two morphogenetic processes occurring during metamorphosis: the establishment of the juvenile pigmentation pattern and eye migration and remodeling of cranial bones. In this sense, Senegalese sole larvae were fed from 2 to 50 days post-hatch (dph) with live prey enriched with an experimental emulsion containing high levels of \{ARA\} (ARA-H; 10.2 and 7.1% \{TFA\} in enriched rotifer and Artemia, respectively) versus a reference commercial enriching product (Algamac 3050®, AGM; 1.0 and 1.4% \{TFA\} in enriched rotifer and Artemia, respectively). High dietary \{ARA\} levels did not affect larval growth performance at 50 dph, but significantly induced malpigmentation (81.4 ± 7.5%, versus 0.9 ± 0.3% in larvae fed the \{AGM\} diet). This malpigmentation was linked to the higher prostaglandin \{E2\} (PGE2) levels observed in pseudo-albino fish as compared to normally pigmented individuals. The \{PGE2\} levels were higher in normally pigmented specimens fed the ARA-H diet than in those fed the \{AGM\} diet. The effects of \{ARA\} on normally pigmented fish fed the \{AGM\} diet and pseudo-albino specimens fed the ARA-H diet were evaluated by means of the density of melanophores and the texture and image segmentation analyses in the dorsal skin of post-metamorphic fish. The skin of pseudo-albino specimens had a more uniform and homogeneous melanophore pattern than normally pigmented fish. Melanophores in pseudo-albino specimens were less abundant and not so aggregated in patches as they were in normally pigmented ones, whereas their shape differed (round vs. dendritic) suggesting their inability to disperse melanin. In addition, fish fed the ARA-H diet presented a higher percentage of cranial deformities (95.1 ± 1.5%) than those fed the control diet (1.9 ± 1.9%) that was significantly and negatively correlated with the incidence of normally-pigmented animals (R2 = − 0.88, P < 0.001). Cranial deformities in pseudo-albino fish were associated with an impaired migration of the eye from the ocular side (the right eye), whereas the left eye migrated from the blind side into the ocular side almost normally. The effects of high dietary \{ARA\} levels in the eye migration and cranial bone remodeling processes in post-metamorphic larvae were evaluated by means of the staining of cranial skeletal elements. Pseudo-albino fish showed higher interocular distance and head height than normally pigmented individuals, a different disposition of the eyes with regard to the vertebral column and mouth axes, and a distinct osteological development of some skeletal structures from the neuro- and splanchnocranium, in relation to high dietary \{ARA\} contents and high \{PGE2\} production. These results brought new information about possible nutritional forcing factors and physiological mechanisms of pigmentary disorders and impaired eye migration, which are current major bottlenecks in flatfish aquaculture.
Keywords: Skeletal deformities

The effects of pool sediments on the egg morphology of Neotropical Eulimnadia (Branchiopoda: Limnadiidae) - Nicolas Rabet; D Montero; Sebastien Lacau (Journal of limnology, 2014)

The effects of pool sediments on the egg morphology of Neotropical Eulimnadia (Branchiopoda: Limnadiidae) - Nicolas Rabet; D Montero; Sebastien Lacau (Journal of limnology, 2014)

Emergence of sensory structures in the developing epidermis in sepia officinalis and other coleoid cephalopods. - Buresi, Auxane; Croll, Roger P; Tiozzo, Stefano; Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli; Sébastien Baratte (J Comp Neurol, 2014)
Embryonic cuttlefish can first respond to a variety of sensory stimuli during early development in the egg capsule. To examine the neural basis of this ability, we investigated the emergence of sensory structures within the developing epidermis. We show that the skin facing the outer environment (not the skin lining the mantle cavity, for example) is derived from embryonic domains expressing the Sepia officinalis ortholog of pax3/7, a gene involved in epidermis specification in vertebrates. On the head, they are confined to discrete brachial regions referred to as "arm pillars" that expand and cover Sof-pax3/7-negative head ectodermal tissues. As revealed by the expression of the S. officinalis ortholog of elav1, an early marker of neural differentiation, the olfactory organs first differentiate at about stage 16 within Sof-pax3/7-negative ectodermal regions before they are covered by the definitive Sof-pax3/7-positive outer epithelium. In contrast, the eight mechanosensory lateral lines running over the head surface and the numerous other putative sensory cells in the epidermis, differentiate in the Sof-pax3/7-positive tissues at stages ∼24-25, after they have extended over the entire outer surfaces of the head and arms. Locations and morphologies of the various sensory cells in the olfactory organs and skin were examined using antibodies against acetylated tubulin during the development of S. officinalis and were compared with those in hatchlings of two other cephalopod species. The early differentiation of olfactory structures and the peculiar development of the epidermis with its sensory cells provide new perspectives for comparisons of developmental processes among molluscs.

Epigenetic features in the oyster Crassostrea gigas suggestive of functionally relevant promoter DNA methylation in invertebrates. - Guillaume Rivière (Frontiers in Physiology, 2014)
DNA methylation is evolutionarily conserved. Vertebrates exhibit high, widespread DNA methylation whereas invertebrate genomes are less methylated, predominantly within gene bodies. DNA methylation in invertebrates is associated with transcription level, alternative splicing and genome evolution, but functional outcomes of DNA methylation remain poorly described in lophotrochozoans. Recent genome-wide approaches improve understanding in distant taxa such as molluscs, where the phylogenetic position and life traits of Crassostrea gigas make this bivalve an ideal model to study the physiological and evolutionary implications of DNA methylation. We review the literature about DNA methylation in invertebrates and focus on DNA methylation features in the oyster. Indeed, though our MeDIP-seq results confirm predominant intragenic methylation, the profiles depend on the oyster’s developmental and reproductive stage. We discuss the perspective that oyster DNA methylation could be biased toward the 5’-end of some genes, depending on physiological status, suggesting important functional outcomes of putative promoter methylation from cell differentiation during early development to sustained adaptation of the species to the environment.

Estimating how many undescribed species have gone extinct. - Pablo Tedesco; Rémy Bigorne; Bogan, Arthur; Giam, Xingli; Jézéquel, Céline; Bernard Hugueny (Conserv Biol, 2014)
Because both descriptions of species and modern human-driven extinctions started around the same time (i.e., eighteenth century), a logical expectation is that a large proportion of species may have gone extinct without ever having been recorded. Despite this evident and widely recognized assumption, the loss of undescribed species has never been estimated. We quantified this loss for several taxonomic groups and regions for which undescribed species extinctions are likely to have occurred. Across a wide range of taxonomic groups, we applied known extinction rates computed from recorded species losses to assumed exponential decay in the proportion of species remaining undiscovered. Because all previous modeling attempts to project total species richness implicitly assumed that undescribed species extinctions could be neglected, we also evaluated the effect of neglecting them. Finally, because we assumed constant description and extinction probabilities, we applied our model to simulated data that did not conform to this assumption. Actual species losses were severely underestimated by considering only known species extinctions. According to our estimates, the proportion of undiscovered extinct species over all extinctions ranged from 0.15 to 0.59, depending on the taxonomic group and the region considered. This means that recent extinctions may be up to twice as large as the number recorded. When species differed in their extinction or description probabilities, our model underestimated extinctions of undescribed species by up to 20%.

EU eeliad: Anguillid eels: Conserving a global fishery - Walker, A.M.; Eric Feunteun; Metcalfe, J.; Poole, R.; Righton, D. (Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 2014)

European Sea bass larval culture. - Gisbert, E; Fernández, Ignacio; Villamizar, N; Darias, Maria; Zambonino-Infante, J; Estévez, A (Biology of European Seabass., 2014)

Evidence of marine mammal predation of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) on its marine migration - Wahlberg, M.; Westerberg, H.; Aarestrup, K.; Eric Feunteun; Gargan, P.; Righton, D. (Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2014)

Evolution of Vacuolar Pyrophosphatases and Vacuolar H+-Atpases in Diatoms - Adrien Bussard; Pascal Jean Lopez (Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 2014)
To cope with changing environments and maintain optimal metabolic conditions, the control of the intracellular proton gradients has to be tightly regulated. Among the important proton pumps, vacuolar H^+-ATPases (V-ATPases) and H^+-translocating pyrophosphatases (H^+-PPases) were found to be involved in a number of physiological processes, and shown to be regulated at the expression level and to exhibit specific sub-cellular localizations. Studies of the role of these transporters are relatively scarce in algae and nearly absent in diatoms. Phylogenetic analyses disclose that diatoms, with both K^+-dependent and K^+-independent membrane integral pyrophosphatases, including proteins with high homology with a novel class of Na^+,H^+-PPases. Analyses of Phaeodactylum tricornutum EST libraries show that the gene putatively encoding a Na^+,H^+-PPase is over-expressed in urea adapted condition. Genome-wide investigations of the reservoir of V-ATPases encoding subunits demonstrate that diatoms display an expended number of genes encoding for the proteolipid subunits c of the V0 subcomplex. Preliminary localization studies show that one of V0-c subunits is associated to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in P. tricornutum. Altogether our data highlight that the combination of comparative and functional genomic approaches reach promises to provide new information to the roles of membrane proton pumps in diatoms.
Keywords: Algae; endoplasmic reticulum; H^+-PPases; V-ATPases; vacuole

Feeding ecology of Liza spp. in a tidal flat: Evidence of the importance of primary production (biofilm) and associated meiofauna - Alexandre Carpentier; Como, S.; Christine Dupuy; Lefrançois, C.; Eric Feunteun (Journal of Sea Research, 2014)

Fish-AMAZBOL: a database on freshwater fishes of the Bolivian Amazon - Carvajal-Vallejos, F M; Rémy Bigorne; Zeballos Fernandez, América J.; Sarmiento, Jaime; Barrera Soraya; Yunoki, T; Marc Pouilly; Zubieta José; De La Barra, Evans; Michel Jégu; Maldonado, Mabel; Van Damme, Paul; et al. (Hyrobiologia, 2014)
The Bolivian part of the Amazon Basin contains a mega diverse and well-preserved fish fauna. Since the last decade, this fish fauna has received an increasing attention from scientists and the national authorities as fishes represent one of the most important sources of proteins for local human communities. However, this fish fauna still remains poorly documented. Here, we present a database for fishes from the Bolivian Amazon. To build the database, we conducted an extensive literature survey of native and non-native (exotic) fishes inhabiting all major sub-drainages of the Bolivian Amazon. The database, named Fish-AMAZBOL, contains species lists for 13 Amazonian hydrological units, covering 100% of the Bolivian Amazon and approximately 65% (722,137 km2) of the all territory. Fish-AMAZBOL includes 802 valid species, 12 of them being non-native, that have been checked for systematic reliability and consistency. To put this number in perspective, this represents around 14% of the all Neotropical ichthyofauna and around 6% of all strictly freshwater fishes inhabiting the planet. This database is currently the most comprehensive database of native and non-native fish species richness available so far for the Bolivian Amazon.
Keywords: Amazon River basin; Bolivia; Checklist; Freshwater fishes; Madera River; South America

Forecasted climate and land use changes, and protected areas: the contrasting case of spiders - Leroy, Boris; Bellard, Céline; Dubos, Nicolas; Colliot, Arthur; Vasseur, Manon; Courtial, Cyril; Bakkenes, Michel; Canard, A; Frédéric Ysnel (Diversity and Distributions, 2014)
Keywords: Arthropods; ensemble forecast; global changes; species distribution models; threatened species; uncertainty

Functional characterization of a short neuropeptide F-related receptor in a lophotrochozoan, the mollusk Crassostrea gigas. - Bigot, Laetitia; Beets, Isabel; Marie-Pierre Dubos; Boudry, Pierre; Schoofs, Liliane; Pascal Favrel (J Exp Biol, 2014)
Members of the short neuropeptide F (sNPF) family of peptides and their cognate receptors play key roles in a variety of physiological processes in arthropods. In silico screening of GigasDatabase, a specific expressed sequence tag database from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, resulted in the identification of a receptor (Cg-sNPFR-like) phylogenetically closely related to sNPF receptors (sNPFRs) of insects. A reverse endocrinology approach was undertaken to identify the peptide ligand(s) of this orphan receptor. Though structurally distinct from insect sNPFs, three RFamide peptides derived from the same precursor, i.e. GSLFRFamide, SSLFRFamide and GALFRFamide, specifically activate the receptor in a dose-dependent manner, with respective EC50 values (half-maximal effective concentrations) of 1.1, 2.1 and 4.1 μmol l(-1). We found that both Cg-sNPFR-like receptor and LFRFamide encoding transcripts are expressed in the oyster central nervous system and in other tissues as well, albeit at lower levels. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the wide distribution of LFRFamide mature peptides in several central and peripheral tissues. The Cg-sNPFR-like receptor was more abundantly expressed in ganglia of females than of males, and upregulated in starved oysters. In the gonad area, highest receptor gene expression occurred at the start of gametogenesis, when storage activity is maximal. Our results suggest that signaling of LFRFamide peptides through the Cg-sNPFR-like receptor might play a role in the coordination of nutrition, energy storage and metabolism in C. gigas, possibly by promoting storage at the expense of reproduction.

G2Sd: a new R package for the statistical analysis of unconsolidated sediments - Jérôme Fournier; Régis K. Gallon; Raphael Paris (Géomorphologie: relief, processus, environnement, 2014)
Modern depositional environment are mainly investigated in terms of internal sedimentary structures and associated grain-size characteristics. The latter are an intrinsic feature of sediments and hence essential for quantitative descriptions. It is therefore useful to have a tool available which allows direct and rapid calculation of numerous statistical parameters for a large number of samples. The G2Sd package gives full descriptive statistics and a physical description of sediments based on grain-size distributions derived from sieve analyses using a decadic log-transformation of the millimeter scale. Statistics are calculated either by using arithmetic and geometric methods of moments, or the graphic procedure of R.L. Folk and W.C. Ward (1957) to calculate mean grain-size, standard-deviation, skewness, and kurtosis based on the binary log-transformation of the mm scale. Numerical results are thus provided both in metric and phi units. The mode can be determined graphically by the user. Several percentiles and two common indices are calculated: D10, D50, D90, D90/D10, D90-D10, D75/D25, D75-D25, Trask Index (So) and Krumbein Index (Qd). A physical description of texture, sorting, skewness and kurtosis parameters is provided, based on the sediment nomenclature described in R.L. Folk (1966). The weight percentage of particles falling into each predefined size fraction is also included in the results. This package runs within the CRAN R-project.

Genetic structure in the Amazonian catfish Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii: influence of life history strategies. - Carvajal-Vallejos, F M; Fabrice Duponchelle; Desmarais, E; Cerqueira, F; Sophie Quérouil; Jesus Nuñez-Rodriguez; García, C; Renno, J-F (Genetica, 2014)
The Dorado or Plateado (Gilded catfish) Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Pimelodidae, Siluriformes) is a commercially valuable migratory catfish performing the largest migration in freshwaters: from the Amazonian headwaters in the Andean foothills (breeding area) to the Amazon estuary (nursery area). In spite of its importance to inform management and conservation efforts, the genetic variability of this species has only recently begun to be studied. The aim of the present work was to determine the population genetic structure of B. rousseauxii in two regions: the Upper Madera Basin (five locations in the Bolivian Amazon) and the Western Amazon Basin (one regional sample from the Uyucalí-Napo-Marañon-Amazon basin, Peru). Length polymorphism at nine microsatellite loci (284 individuals) was used to determine genetic variability and to identify the most probable panmictic units (using a Bayesian approach), after a significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed in the overall dataset (Western Amazon + Upper Madera). Bayesian analyses revealed at least three clusters in admixture in the five locations sampled in the Bolivian Amazon, whereas only two of these clusters were observed in the Western Amazon. Considering the migratory behaviour of B. rousseauxii, different life history strategies, including homing, are proposed to explain the cluster distribution. Our results are discussed in the light of the numerous threats to the species survival in the Madera basin, in particular dam and reservoir construction.

Geographical origin of Amazonian freshwater fishes fingerprinted by ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios on fish otoliths and scales. - Marc Pouilly; Point, David; Sondag, Francis; Henry, Manuel; Santos, Roberto V (Environ Sci Technol, 2014)
Calcified structures such as otoliths and scales grow continuously throughout the lifetime of fishes. The geochemical variations present in these biogenic structures are particularly relevant for studying fish migration and origin. In order to investigate the potential of the (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratio as a precise biogeochemical tag in Amazonian fishes, we compared this ratio between the water and fish otoliths and scales of two commercial fish species, Hoplias malabaricus and Schizodon fasciatus, from three major drainage basins of the Amazon: the Madeira, Solimões, and Tapajós rivers, displaying contrasted (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios. A comparison of the (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios between the otoliths and scales of the same individuals revealed similar values and were very close to the Sr isotopic composition of the local river where they were captured. This indicates, first, the absence of Sr isotopic fractionation during biological uptake and incorporation into calcified structures and, second, that scales may represent an interesting nonlethal alternative for (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratio measurements in comparison to otoliths. Considering the wide range of (87)Sr/(86)Sr variations that exist across Amazonian rivers, we used variations of (87)Sr/(86)Sr to discriminate fish origin at the basin level, as well as at the sub-basin level between the river and savannah lakes of the Beni River (Madeira basin).

Global imprint of historical connectivity on freshwater fish biodiversity. - Dias, Murilo S; Thierry Oberdorff; Bernard Hugueny; Leprieur, Fabien; Jézéquel, Céline; Cornu, Jean-François; Brosse, Sébastien; Grenouillet, Gael; Pablo Tedesco (Ecol Lett, 2014)
The relative importance of contemporary and historical processes is central for understanding biodiversity patterns. While several studies show that past conditions can partly explain the current biodiversity patterns, the role of history remains elusive. We reconstructed palaeo-drainage basins under lower sea level conditions (Last Glacial Maximum) to test whether the historical connectivity between basins left an imprint on the global patterns of freshwater fish biodiversity. After controlling for contemporary and past environmental conditions, we found that palaeo-connected basins displayed greater species richness but lower levels of endemism and beta diversity than did palaeo-disconnected basins. Palaeo-connected basins exhibited shallower distance decay of compositional similarity, suggesting that palaeo-river connections favoured the exchange of fish species. Finally, we found that a longer period of palaeo-connection resulted in lower levels of beta diversity. These findings reveal the first unambiguous results of the role played by history in explaining the global contemporary patterns of biodiversity.
Keywords: Animals; Biodiversity; Environment; Fishes; Fresh Water; Models, Biological

Ground-dwelling arthropod community across braided landscape mosaics: a Mediterraen perspective - Datry, Thibault; Corti, Roland; Belletti, Barbara; Piégay, Hervé (Freshwater Biology, 2014)
Keywords: beta-diversity; chronosequence; floodplain; Lycosidae; natural flow regime

Hemocyte morphology and phagocytic activity in the common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). - Le Pabic, C; Goux, Didier; Guillamin, Maryline; Safi, Georges; Jean-Marc Lebel; Siméoni Koueta-Noussithé; Antoine Serpentini (Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2014)
Little is known about the immune system of cephalopods, in spite of their many highly derived characters within the molluscan clade, including a vertebrate-like high-pressure closed circulatory system. Further the economic importance of cephalopod fisheries, potential for aquaculture, and use as ecotoxicology models demand a thorough understanding of their immune system. In this study, we present a comprehensive characterization of hemocytes in the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Cytological stainings, electron microscopy- and flow cytometry-observations highlight a single granulocyte population with various densities of eosinophilic granules and unstained vesicles. These hemocytes contain acid phosphatase-, lysozyme- and proPO system enzymes, and have high activity in bead phagocytosis assays. Interestingly, bead pre-incubation in plasma results in time-dependent aggregation perhaps resulting from hemocyanin-coating, and decrease in phagocytosis. This study provides the basis for understanding hemocyte-mediated immunity in the common cuttlefish, and essential background for future studies on cephalopod immunity.

Histological development of the digestive system of the Amazonian pimelodid catfish Pseudoplatystoma punctifer. - Gisbert, E; Moreira, C; Castro-Ruiz, D; Oztürk, S; Fernández, C; Gilles, S; Jesus Nuñez-Rodriguez; Fabrice Duponchelle; Salvador Tello; Renno, J F; García-Dávila, C; Darias, Maria (Animal, 2014)
The organogenesis of the digestive system was described in the Amazonian pimelodid catfish species Pseudoplatystoma punctifer from hatching (3.5 mm total length, TL) to 41 days post-fertilization (dpf) (58.1 mm TL) reared at 28°C. Newly hatched larvae showed a simple digestive tract, which appeared as a straight undifferentiated and unfolded tube lined by a single layer of columnar epithelial cells (future enterocytes). During the endogenous feeding period, comprised between 20 and 96 h post-fertilization (3.5 to 6.1 mm TL), the larval digestive system experienced a fast transformation with the almost complete development and differentiation of most of digestive organs (buccopahrynx, oesophagus, intestine, liver and exocrine pancreas). Yolk reserves were not completely depleted at the onset of exogenous feeding (4 dpf, 6.1 mm TL), and a period of mixed nutrition was observed up to 6 to 7 dpf (6.8 to 7.3 mm TL) when yolk was definitively exhausted. The stomach was the organ that latest achieved its complete differentiation, characterized by the development of abundant gastric glands in the fundic stomach between 10 and 15 dpf (10.9 to 15.8 mm TL) and the formation of the pyloric sphincter at the junction of the pyloric stomach and the anterior intestine at 15 dpf (15.8 mm TL). The above-mentioned morphological and histological features observed suggested the achievement of a digestive system characteristic of P. punctifer juveniles and adults. The ontogeny of the digestive system in P. punctifer followed the same general pattern as in most Siluriform species so far, although some species-specific differences in the timing of differentiation of several digestive structures were noted, which might be related to different reproductive guilds, egg and larval size or even different larval rearing practices. According to present findings on the histological development of the digestive system in P. punctifer, some recommendations regarding the rearing practices of this species are also provided in order to improve the actual larval rearing techniques of this fast-growing Neotropical catfish species.