@article {6631,
	title = {In vitro effects of glyphosate-based herbicides and related adjuvants on primary culture of hemocytes from Haliotis tuberculata},
	journal = {Fish and Shellfish Immunology},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Glyphosate-based herbicides are among the most produced and widely-used herbicides.\&nbsp;Studies have shown that commercial formulations and adjuvants may be more toxic to non-target organisms than the active ingredients alone, but the mechanisms of action of these\&nbsp;chemicals remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of\&nbsp;glyphosate, a commercial formulation and adjuvant alone using primary culture of hemocytes\&nbsp;from the European abalone <em>Haliotis tuberculata</em>, a commonly farmed shellfish. Glyphosate\&nbsp;was found to have negligible effects on viability, phagocytic activities and lysosome stability\&nbsp;even with very high doses (i.e. 100 mg L<sup>-1</sup>). By contrast, greater effects on viability were\&nbsp;observed for the commercial formulation and adjuvant alone, with EC<sub>50</sub> values of 41.42 mg L<sup>-1</sup> and 1.85 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. These results demonstrate that the toxic sublethal effects (i.e.\&nbsp;phagocytic activity and destabilization of lysosomal membranes) of formulated glyphosate<br>
came from adjuvants and suggest they may be related to cell and organelle membrane\&nbsp;destabilization.},
	keywords = {glyphosate, Haliotis tuberculata, Hemocytes, neutral red retention assay, Phagocytosis, POEAs, viability assay},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.058},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.058},
	author = {Mottier, Antoine and Antoine Serpentini and Dallas, Lorna and James, Ad{\`e}le and Lebel, Jean-Marc and Katherine Costil}
}
