@article {7089,
	title = {How to model social-ecological systems? {\textendash} A case study on the effects of a future offshore wind farm on the local society and ecosystem, and whether social compensation matters},
	journal = {Marine Policy},
	volume = {119},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Models of social-ecological systems (SES) are acknowledged as an important tool to understand human-nature relations. However, many SES models fail to integrate adequate information from both the human and ecological subsystems. With an example model of a future Offshore Wind Farm development and its effects on both the ecosystem and local human population, we illustrate a method facilitating a {\textquotedblleft}balanced{\textquotedblright} SES model, in terms of including information from both subsystems. We use qualitative mathematical modeling, which allows to quickly analyze the structure and dynamics of a system without including quantitative data, and therefore to compare alternative system structures based on different understandings of how the system works. By including similar number of system variables in the two subsystems, we balanced the complexity between them. Our analyses show that this complexity is important in order to predict indirect and sometimes counterintuitive effects. We also highlight some conceptually important questions concerning social compensations during developmental projects in general, and wind farms in particular. Our results suggest that the more project holders get involved in various manner in the local socio-ecological system, the more society will benefit as a whole. Increased involvement through e.g. new projects or job-opportunities around the windfarm has the capacity to offset the negative effects of the windfarm on the local community. These benefits are enhanced when there is an overall acceptance and appropriation of the project. We suggest this method as a tool to support the decision-making process and to facilitate discussions between stakeholders, especially among local communities. {\textcopyright} The Authors},
	keywords = {Acceptance, comparative study, Complexity, Decision making, development project, Eastern English channel, environmental impact assessment, future prospect, local participation, Network, numerical model, offshore structure, participatory approach, Perception, Qualitative modeling, quantitative analysis, Renewable energy, social impact assessment, stakeholder, wind farm},
	issn = {0308597X (ISSN)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104031},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085318224\&doi=10.1016\%2fj.marpol.2020.104031\&partnerID=40\&md5=9e69340af6d591878af0f943cd4bc347},
	author = {Haraldsson, M. and Raoux, A. and Riera, F. and Hay, J. and Dambacher, J.M. and Nathalie Niquil}
}
@article {7091,
	title = {Isotopic analyses, a good tool to validate models in the context of Marine Renewable Energy development and cumulative impacts},
	journal = {Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science},
	volume = {237},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {As part of the energy transition, the French government is planning Offshore Wind Farm (OWF) constructions in the next decades. An integrated ecosystem approach of two future OWF sites of the Eastern English Channel (Courseulles-sur-mer and Dieppe-Le Tr{\'e}port) was developed to model the marine ecosystems before the OWF implementation. Such ecosystem models allow simulating the possible reef and reserve effects associated to the presence of the farm, and to character the overall changes in the food-web functioning. This holistic view of OWF effects could be replicated on other sites and form the basis of an ecosystem based management of marine renewable energies. However, to use these models for management purpose, they need to be validated. In order to do so, stable isotope ratios of nitrogen were used for determining the accuracy of the effective trophic levels computed in these two models. Results showed that trophic levels estimated by the two models were consistent with the trophic levels estimated by the independent isotopic data. In the context of OWF development and cumulative impacts analysis, this step of validation of the models is essential for developing their use by management actors and policy makers. {\textcopyright} 2020 Elsevier Ltd},
	keywords = {alternative energy, detection method, Dieppe, Ecopath with Ecosim, ecosystem approach, English Channel, food web, France, Isotopic nitrogen analysis, marine ecosystem, model validation, Normandie, Offshore wind farm, policy making, Seine Maritime, trophic level, wind farm},
	issn = {02727714 (ISSN)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106690},
	author = {Raoux, A. and Pezy, J.-P. and Ernande, B. and Nathalie Niquil and Dauvin, J.-C. and Granger{\'e}, K.}
}
