@article {9333,
	title = {Aluminium-based galvanic anode impacts the photosynthesis of microphytobenthos and supports the bioaccumulation of metals released.},
	journal = {Aquat Toxicol},
	volume = {258},
	year = {2023},
	month = {2023 May},
	pages = {106501},
	abstract = {<p>Very few studies have looked at the potential biological effects of degradation products of galvanic anodes particularly on primary producers which are central to food webs in marine ecosystems. The galvanic anode cathodic protection system (GACP) is widely used to protect submerged metallic structures from corrosion. Aluminium (Al) and zinc (Zn) are the main constituents of galvanic anodes and are therefore released in the marine environment by oxidation process to form ions or oxy-hydroxides. The main objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of the metals released from an aluminium-based galvanic anode on microphytobenthos performance in term of biofilm growing through the analysis of photosynthetic parameters, the determination of chlorophyll and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The bioaccumulation of Al and Zn were measured in the microphytobenthic compartment collected at the surface of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plates exposed during 13 days to seawaters enriched in different concentrations of metals released from dissolution of one anode. Determination of bioconcentration factors confirmed that the microphytobenthos has incorporated Al. A significative effect was observed on the Chl a concentration for the higher tested concentration ([Al]\&nbsp;=\&nbsp;210.1\&nbsp;{\textpm}\&nbsp;60.2\&nbsp;{\textmu}g L\&nbsp;\&nbsp;; [Zn]\&nbsp;=\&nbsp;20.2\&nbsp;{\textpm}\&nbsp;1.4\&nbsp;{\textmu}g L\&nbsp;\&nbsp;). The seawater exposed to the anode affected the MPB productivity (ETRII) with consequences on acclimatation light (Ek), absorption cross section of PSII (σ), F/F and NPQ. Regarding the EPS production, the anode degradation presented an impact on high and low molecular weight of both carbohydrates and protein fractions of microphytobenthos suggesting that EPS play an essential role in sequestering metal contaminants to maintain the integrity of the biological membranes and the functionality of the cellular organelles. The accumulation of Al released by GACP in microphytobenthos cells could lead to physiologic problems in photosynthetic organisms.</p>
},
	keywords = {Aluminum, Bioaccumulation, Ecosystem, Electrodes, Photosynthesis, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Zinc},
	issn = {1879-1514},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106501},
	author = {Levallois, Alexandre and Vivier, Baptiste and Caplat, Christelle and Goux, Didier and Orvain, Francis and Lebel, Jean-Marc and Claquin, Pascal and Chasselin, L{\'e}o and Basuyaux, Olivier and Serpentini, Antoine}
}
@article {8881,
	title = {Effects of chronic exposure of metals released from the dissolution of an aluminium galvanic anode on the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas},
	journal = {Aquatic Toxicology},
	volume = {Volume 249},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {Among the anthropogenic sources releasing metallic species into the marine environment, the galvanic anode cathodic protection system (GACP) is widely used to protect submerged metallic structures from corrosion. Galvanic anodes are an alloy of metals of which the main component is aluminum or zinc. Very few studies were performed to study their potential biological effects. We investigated the chronic toxicity of an aluminum-based galvanic anode on the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Oysters were exposed for 84 days to three concentrations of aluminum (50, 100 and 300 {\textmu}g L-1) obtained with an electrochemical experimental device simulating the dissolution of a galvanic anode. At different exposure times, we studied a battery of biomarkers of the immune system, reproductive parameters and the metabolic state of the oysters. Results demonstrated a sensitivity of oysters at the highest concentration and some biological effects were observed especially for the malondialdehyde content in the digestive gland after 84 days of exposure. In addition to these biomarkers, the bioaccumulation of the different metals composing the anode was measured in oysters{\textquoteright} tissues. Bivalves bioaccumulated more zinc than aluminum, even if aluminium was present in greater concentrations during exposures. Moreover, exposure time did not influence the bioaccumulation of aluminum in contrast to zinc.},
	keywords = {aluminium, Bioaccumulation, Biological effects, Crassostrea gigas, galvanic anode, Oyster},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106223},
	author = {Alexandre Levallois and Christelle Caplat and Olivier Basuyaux and Jean-Marc Lebel and Antoine Laisney and Katherine Costil and Antoine Serpentini}
}
