@article {8692,
	title = {Can~artificial~magnetic~fields~alter the~functional~role~of~the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis?},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {169},
	year = {2022},
	month = {Jan-06-2022},
	abstract = {Along European coasts, the rapid expansion of marine renewable energy devices and their buried power cables, raises major societal concerns regarding the potential effects of their magnetic field emissions (MFs) on marine species and ecosystem functioning. MFs occur at a local spatial scale, which makes sessile species the primary target of chronic and high-intensity exposures. Some of them, as ecosystem engineers, have critical functions in coastal habitats whose behavioral alteration may drive profound consequences at the ecosystem level. In this context, the present experimental study explored the effects of short exposure to direct current MFs, on the feeding behavior of a widespread ecosystem engineer, the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). A repeated measure design was carried out with adult mussels successively exposed to control treatment (ambient magnetic field of 47 μT) and artificial MF treatment (direct current of 300 μT produced by Helmholtz coils), as measured around power cables. The filtration activity was assessed through valve gap monitoring using an automated image analysis system. The clearance rate was estimated simultaneously by measuring the decrease in algal concentration using flow cytometry. Our findings revealed that mussels placed in MF treatment did not exhibit observable differences in valve activity and filtration rate, thus suggesting that, at such an intensity, artificial MFs do not significantly impair their feeding behavior. However, additional research is required to investigate the sensitivity of other life stages, the effects of mid to long-term exposure to alternative and direct current fields and to test various MF intensities.},
	keywords = {Coastal environments, Ecosystem engineers, Filter-feeders, Magnetic fields, Mytilus edulis, Submarine power cables},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-022-04065-4},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00227-022-04065-4},
	author = {Albert, Luana and Maire, Olivier and Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Olivier and Lambert, Christophe and Romero-Ramirez, Alicia and Jolivet, Aur{\'e}lie and Chauvaud, Laurent and Chauvaud, Sylvain}
}
@article {3488,
	title = {Veliger Size at Metamorphosis and Temporal Variability in Prodissoconch II Morphometry in the Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis): Potential Impact on Recruitment},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2014},
	month = {08/2014},
	pages = {443-455},
	abstract = {<p>Examination of the larval shell (prodissoconch) of molluscs with planktotrophic development can provide valuable information on their planktonic and early benthic life. We examined temporal variability of abundance and size among 11,994 veligers of the blue mussel (<em>Mytilus edulis</em>) in a coastal lagoon during settling periods between 1995 and 2009. Size and date at metamorphosis during the recruitment season were determined for 1,925 postlarvae (shell length, 255{\textendash}900 {\textmu}m) with prodissoconch II (PII) measurements. Emphasizing the recurrence of metamorphosis delay in the field, our study reveals a net increase in mean size at metamorphosis through time, with means for PII size ranging from 255{\textendash}288 {\textmu}m early in summer (after peak spawning events) to 400{\textendash}422 {\textmu}m (PII) during late July to early September. By estimating the {\textquotedblleft}true{\textquotedblright} settlement date using the amount of dissoconch secreted after metamorphosis, such time-series analyses appropriately recapitulated the temporal pattern of mean pediveliger (competent larvae) size in the plankton. Our results demonstrate that greater settlement success rates were related to small size at metamorphosis{\textemdash}in particular, less than 320 {\textmu}m. Seasonal increase in mean PII size occurring during the latter part of the settling period may be explained by competent veligers remaining adrift and delayed metamorphosis as a result of the lack of favorable encounters with a suitable substrate or the absence of specific trophic signals, or cues, required for stimulating settlement, thus forcing larvae to continue planktonic growth. The difference between the smallest and largest means for PII size corresponds to 122 {\textmu}m of larval shell growth, or 47.8\%, potentially representing a 322\% difference in larval body mass at settlement.</p>
},
	keywords = {blue mussel, delayed metamorphosis, larval settlement, Mytilus edulis, prodissoconch II, recruitment, veligers},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.033.0213},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2983/035.033.0213},
	author = {Martel, Andr{\'e} L. and R{\'e}jean Tremblay and Nicolas Toupoint and Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Olivier and Myrand, B}
}
