Impact of seaweed beachings on dynamics of δ(15)N isotopic signatures in marine macroalgae. - Stéphanie Lemesle; Isabelle Mussio; Anne-Marie Rusig; Florence Menet-Nédélec; Pascal Claquin (Mar Pollut Bull, 2015)
A fine-scale survey of δ(15)N, δ(13)C, tissue-N in seaweeds was conducted using samples from 17 sampling points at two sites (Grandcamp-Maisy (GM), Courseulles/Mer (COU)) along the French coast of the English Channel in 2012 and 2013. Partial triadic analysis was performed on the parameter data sets and revealed the functioning of three areas: one estuary (EstA) and two rocky areas (GM(∗), COU(∗)). In contrast to oceanic and anthropogenic reference points similar temporal dynamics characterized δ(15)N signatures and N contents at GM(∗) and COU(∗). Nutrient dynamics were similar: the N-concentrations in seawater originated from the River Seine and local coastal rivers while P-concentrations mainly from these local rivers. δ(15)N at GM(∗) were linked to turbidity suggesting inputs of autochthonous organic matter from large-scale summer seaweed beachings made up of a mixture of Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta species. This study highlights the coupling between seaweed beachings and nitrogen sources of intertidal macroalgae.

Impact of sediment grain-size and biofilm age on epipelic microphytobenthos resuspension - Martin Ubertini; Sébastien Lefebvre; Rakotomalala, C; Francis Orvain (Journal of Experimental Biology and ecology, 2015)

An improved taxonomic sampling is a necessary but not sufficient condition for resolving inter-families relationships in Caridean decapods. - Aznar-Cormano, L; Brisset, J; Chan, T-Y; Laure Corbari; Puillandre, N; Utge, J; Magali Zbinden; Zuccon, D; Samadi, S (Genetica, 2015)
During the past decade, a large number of multi-gene analyses aimed at resolving the phylogenetic relationships within Decapoda. However relationships among families, and even among sub-families, remain poorly defined. Most analyses used an incomplete and opportunistic sampling of species, but also an incomplete and opportunistic gene selection among those available for Decapoda. Here we test in the Caridea if improving the taxonomic coverage following the hierarchical scheme of the classification, as it is currently accepted, provides a better phylogenetic resolution for the inter-families relationships. The rich collections of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris are used for sampling as far as possible at least two species of two different genera for each family or subfamily. All potential markers are tested over this sampling. For some coding genes the amplification success varies greatly among taxa and the phylogenetic signal is highly saturated. This result probably explains the taxon-heterogeneity among previously published studies. The analysis is thus restricted to the genes homogeneously amplified over the whole sampling. Thanks to the taxonomic sampling scheme the monophyly of most families is confirmed. However the genes commonly used in Decapoda appear non-adapted for clarifying inter-families relationships, which remain poorly resolved. Genome-wide analyses, like transcriptome-based exon capture facilitated by the new generation sequencing methods might provide a sounder approach to resolve deep and rapid radiations like the Caridea.

Incorporating food-web parameter uncertainty into Ecopath-derived ecological network indicators - Guesnet, Vanessa; Géraldine Lassalle; Chaalali, Aurélie; Kearney, Kelly; Saint-Béat, B; Karimi, Battle; Grami, Boutheina; Samuele Tecchio; Nathalie Niquil; Lobry, Jeremy (ECOLOGICAL MODELLING, 2015)
Ecological network analysis (ENA) provides numerous ecosystem level indices offering a valuable approach to compare and categorize the ecological structure and function of ecosystems. The inclusion of ENA methods in Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) has insured their continued contribution to ecosystem-based management. In EwE, ENA-derived ecological conclusions are currently based on single values of ENA indices calculated from a unique input flow matrix. Here, we document an easy-to-use routine that allows EwE users to incorporate uncertainty in EwE input data into the calculation of ENA indices. This routine, named ENAtool, is a suite of Matlab functions that performs three main steps: (1) import of an existing Ecopath model and its associated parameter uncertainty values in the form of uncertainty intervals into Matlab; (2) generation of an ensemble of Ecopath models with the same structure as the original, and with parameter values varying based on the prescribed uncertainty limits; and (3) calculation of a set of 13 ENA indices for each ensemble member (one set of flow values) and of summary statistics across the whole ensemble. This novel routine offers the opportunity to calculate ENA indices ranges and confidence intervals, and thus to perform quantitative data analyses. An application of ENAtool on a pre-existing Ecopath model of the Bay of Biscay continental shelf is presented, with a focus on the robustness of previously published ENA-based ecological traits of this ecosystem when the newly introduced uncertainty values are added. We also describe the sensitivity of the ENAtool results to both the number of ensemble members used and to the uncertainty interval set around each input parameter. Ecological conclusions derived from EwE, particularly those regarding the comparison of structural and functional elements for a range of ecosystem types or the assessment of ecosystem properties along gradients of environmental conditions or anthropogenic disturbances, will gain in statistical interpretability. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Individual repeatability of foraging behaviour in a marine predator, the great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo - Potier, Simon; Alexandre Carpentier; Grémillet, David; Leroy, Boris; Lescroël, Amélie (Animal Behaviour, 2015)
Intrapopulation variability, especially individual foraging specialization, has been investigated in many species. Nevertheless, the repeatability of foraging behaviour remains poorly understood. In particular, whether individuals differ in their respective degrees of repeatability still remains to be determined. Here, we estimated foraging behaviour repeatability in the great cormorant, at both the population and the individual levels, and assessed the effect of repeatability on individual foraging performance. At the population level, we found that some foraging variables were more repeatable (e.g. departure angle and trip duration) than others (e.g. time spent underwater per trip). At the individual level, we found differences in the degree of repeatability for each foraging variable, highlighting the presence of both highly flexible and highly consistent individuals in the population. The effect of repeatability on individual performance depended on the considered timescale: individual-level repeatability of time spent underwater per dive was negatively related to foraging efficiency while individual-level repeatability of time spent underwater per trip was positively related to foraging efficiency. Overall, our study demonstrates the importance of studying repeatability at the individual level and shows how both flexibility and consistency in animal behaviour shape their ability to extract energy from the environment.
Keywords: behavioural consistency; foraging efficiency; individual flexibility; individual repeatability; piscivorous bird

Indo-Pacific Sicydiine Gobies: biodiversity, life traits and conservation. - Philippe Keith; Clara Lord; Maeda, Ken (Société Française d’Icthyologie, 2015)

Influence of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance and the incidence of cannibalism in Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Castelnau, 1855) larvae and early juveniles - Darias, Maria; Castro-Ruiz, D; Estivals, G; Quazuguel, Patrick; Fernández, C; Jesus Nuñez-Rodriguez; Clota, F.; Gilles, S; García-Dávila, C; Gisbert, E.; Cahu, Chantal L (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)
The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of different dietary protein and lipid levels and their ratios on larval growth, survival and the incidence of cannibalism in Pseudoplatystoma punctifer. Larvae were raised in a recirculation system from 3 to 26 days post-fertilization (dpf) (2–25 days post hatching, dph) at an initial density of 40 larvae L−1, 27.8 ± 0.65°C and 0L : 24D photoperiod. Larvae were fed from 4 to 12 dpf with Artemia nauplii and weaned onto four different compound diets from 13 dpf within 3 days, then fed exclusively with these diets until 26 dpf. These diets contained 30 : 15, 30 : 10, 45 : 15 or 45 : 10 protein : lipid (P : L) (in % of dry matter) levels. A control group was fed Artemia nauplii until 17 dpf and weaned thereafter with the 45P : 10L compound diet. The experiment was carried out in triplicate. Results showed higher growth and survival rates and lower incidence of cannibalism in the group fed the 45P : 15L diet than in the other treatments. Differences in larval survival and growth performance were associated with the higher protein and lipid content rather than the protein : lipid ratio of this diet. When comparing diets with the same protein level, the increase in dietary lipid led to an improvement in growth, suggesting that energy from lipids spares protein for growth in P. punctifer fingerlings. An Artemia feeding period longer than 12 dpf did not improve larval growth or survival.

Inputs from Microchemistry to the understanding of three Sicydiinae species’ life cycle. - Taillebois, Laura; Hélène Tabouret; Pécheyran, C; Philippe Keith (Life and environment., 2015)
Keywords: amphidromy; LIFE HISTORY; MICROCHEMISTRY; Sicydiinae

Inputs from Microchemistry to the understanding of three Sicydiinae species’ life cycle. - Taillebois, Laura; Hélène Tabouret; Pécheyran, C; Philippe Keith (Life and environment, 2015)
Keywords: amphidromy; LIFE HISTORY; MICROCHEMISTRY; Sicydiinae

Installation of microphytobenthos biofilm on concretes of different compositions - Mise en place d’un biofilm microphytobenthique sur des bétons de différentes compositions - Leroy, Fanny; Lestarquit, Mabel; Anne-Marie Rusig; Isabelle Mussio; Roussel, Déborah; Napoléon, Camille; Pascal Claquin (Proceedings of the Congress on artificial reefs : from materials to ecosystems, 2015)

Integrating Ecosystem Engineering and Food Web Ecology: Testing the Effect of Biogenic Reefs on the Food Web of a Soft-Bottom Intertidal Area - De Smet, Bart; Jérôme Fournier; De Troch, Marleen; Vincx, Magda; Vanaverbeke, Jan (PLoS ONE, 2015)
The potential of ecosystem engineers to modify the structure and dynamics of food webs has recently been hypothesised from a conceptual point of view. Empirical data on the integration of ecosystem engineers and food webs is however largely lacking. This paper investigates the hypothesised link based on a field sampling approach of intertidal biogenic aggregations created by the ecosystem engineer Lanice conchilega (Polychaeta, Terebellidae). The aggregations are known to have a considerable impact on the physical and biogeochemical characteristics of their environment and subsequently on the abundance and biomass of primary food sources and the macrofaunal (i.e. the macro-, hyper- and epibenthos) community. Therefore, we hypothesise that L. conchilega aggregations affect the structure, stability and isotopic niche of the consumer assemblage of a soft-bottom intertidal food web. Primary food sources and the bentho-pelagic consumer assemblage of a L. conchilega aggregation and a control area were sampled on two soft-bottom intertidal areas along the French coast and analysed for their stable isotopes. Despite the structural impacts of the ecosystem engineer on the associated macrofaunal community, the presence of L. conchilega aggregations only has a minor effect on the food web structure of soft-bottom intertidal areas. The isotopic niche width of the consumer communities of the L. conchilega aggregations and control areas are highly similar, implying that consumer taxa do not shift their diet when feeding in a L. conchilega aggregation. Besides, species packing and hence trophic redundancy were not affected, pointing to an unaltered stability of the food web in the presence of L. conchilega.

Invalidity of Gasterosteus gymnurus (Cuvier, 1829) (Actinopterygii, Gasterosteidae) according to integrative taxonomy. - Denys, Gaël; Geiger Mathias; Persat, Henri; Philippe Keith; Dettai, Agnès (Cybium, 2015)
Keywords: Cytochrome C; Gasterosteidae Gasterosteus aculeatus Gasterosteus gymnurus Gasterosteus islandicus; Integrative taxonomy; oxidase subunit 1

INVENTAIRES ET ATLAS NATIONAUX DE DISTRIBUTION : POUR UNE APPROCHE PLUS ITÉRATIVE ET UN RÉÉQUILIBRAGE TAXINOMIQUE - Julien Touroult; Laurent PONCET; Philippe Keith; Vincent Boullet; Gérard ARNAL; Hervé Brustel; Jean-Philippe SIBLET (Revue d’Ecologie (Terre et Vie), 2015)

Invertebrate assemblage responses and the dual roles of resistance and resilience to drying in intermittent rivers - C. Leigh; N. Bonada; A.J. Boulton; B. Hugueny; S.T. Larned; R. Vander Vorste; T. Datry (Aquatic Sciences, 2015)
ABSTRACT: Intermittent rivers are naturally dynamic ecosystems in which flow cessation and riverbed drying cause temporal fluctuations in aquatic biodiversity. We analysed datasets from intermittent rivers in different climate zones across the world to examine responses of aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages to drying, in relation to both taxonomic composition and traits of resistance and resilience. First, we compared the differences in taxonomic richness and turnover and in trait diversity, richness and redundancy before and after intermittent sites dried with the differences in concurrently sampled perennial sites. We found such high levels of variation in the before-after differences at intermittent and perennial sites that we could not detect statistical differences between them. Second, we examined the effects of climate (arid, Mediterranean, temperate) and durations of dry and post-dry (flowing) periods on responses to drying at intermittent sites. Only climate had a detectable effect; the proportion of taxa at intermittent sites that persisted through drying-rewetting phases was greatest in arid-zone rivers. Regardless of climate, the invertebrates that persisted at intermittent sites were dominated by taxa resistant to drying. By contrast, taxa that persisted at perennial sites had fewer traits conferring resistance but more conferring resilience. The contributions of resistance and resilience combined with the presence of both intermittent and perennial reaches likely supports the long-term stability and persistence of communities in intermittent rivers, despite the inherently high variation in short-term responses to drying.

Invertébrés marins introduits dans le Golfe Normand-Breton depuis 1920 - Laurent Godet; Patrick Le Mao; Eric Thiébaut; Christian Retière; Louis Cabioc'h; Franck Gentil; Nicolas Desroy; Jérôme Fournier (Atlas Permanent de la mer et du littoral, 2015)

La pêche aux îles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam - Patrice Pruvost; Guy Duhamel; Le Manach, Frederic; Palomares, M L D (Fisheries Centre Research Reports, 2015)

Long-term maintenance and public exhibition of deep-sea hydrothermal fauna: The AbyssBox project - Bruce Shillito; Juliette Ravaux; Sarrazin, Jozee; Zbinden, M.; Sarradin, Pierre-Marie; Barthelemy, D. (Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2015)

Long-term maintenance and public exhibition of deep-sea hydrothermal fauna: The AbyssBox project - Bruce Shillito; Juliette Ravaux; Sarrazin, Jozee; Magali Zbinden; Sarradin, Pierre-Marie; Barthelemy Dominique (Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2015)
The AbyssBox project aims to provide the first permanent public exhibition of live deep-sea hydrothermal fauna maintained at in situ pressure. AbyssBox is a pressurized aquarium designed to function permanently. Here we present details of the project after the public exhibition functioned for more than three years at Océanopolis aquarium in Brest, France. We also describe the AbyssBox pressure aquarium, and provide data and observations on vent shrimp (Mirocaris fortunata) and crabs (Segonzacia mesatlantica) that were sampled from 1700m depth at the Lucky Strike vent field (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) during different cruises. While mortalities exceeded 50% during the first days following sampling, the remaining animals appeared to acclimate fairly well. Some crabs have now been kept for more than 2 years, and some shrimp have spent more than 3 years in captivity. Primarily designed for a public exhibition, the AbyssBox is already used for scientific purposes, since it provides one of the most effective tools for long-term rearing of deep-sea fauna. AbyssBox is a first step towards maintaining a variety of deep-sea fauna year-round at in situ pressure, which will serve both scientific and public interests.
Keywords: AbyssBox; Aquaria; Aquariology; Deep waters; Hydrostatic Pressure; Hydrothermal Vents; Public exhibition; Scientific experiments

Milieux de vie des mammifères de Bretagne - Jérôme Fournier; Patrick Le Mao; Franck Simmonet (Atlas des mammifères de Bretagne, 2015)

Modelling the effect of Cerastoderma edule bioturbation on microphytobenthos resuspension towards the planktonic food web of estuarine ecosystem - Rakotomalala, C; Karine Grangeré; Martin Ubertini; Forêt, M; Francis Orvain (Ecological Modelling, 2015)
Microphytobenthos (MPB) represents an important food source for primary consumers in estuarine ecosystems and the availability of MPB as food items results from complex physical, chemical, and biological interactions. In Baie des Veys (Lower Normandy, France), the common cockle Cerastoderma edule constitutes the major bioturbator in the ecosystem in terms of biomass. In this ecosystem, cockle bioturbation is a key process regulating the MPB erosion flux in the water column. This bivalve intensely modifies the top layer of the sediment by increasing the sediment erodibility and the fluxes of suspended chlorophyll a through the valve movements. More precisely, cockle bioturbation destabilizes the sediment surface by creating a biogenic layer that is easily eroded with tidal hydrodynamic forces. Associated MPB can then be exported to the water column to fuel higher trophic levels of the planktonic food web. The aim of this study was to develop a numerical model that reproduces the export of MPB associated to the biogenic layer erosion. Kinetics of suspended MPB, in response to increasing stress, were obtained from flume experiments in lab controlled conditions and in situ natural conditions. Following this, the suspended MPB were analyzed to respectively parameterize the model by (1) a calibration approach, and (2) an independent validation. The analysis has highlighted that the higher the biomass of cockles, the higher the MPB resuspension rates. Our model consistently reproduces the tendency encountered in laboratory analysis and with in situ natural conditions. During the validation, a small site-specific lack of adjustment was identified, but, among the macrozoobenthic community, the model can be significantly improved by considering the bioturbation activities of another ecosystem engineer, Pygospio elegans. This study thus provides reliable estimates of the daily food availability from benthic primary consumers in an estuarine system where cockles dominate the bioturbating assemblage. This model can be inserted in various model designs (0D, 1D-vertical or 3D).

Molecular characterization of peptide fractions of a Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by-product hydrolysate and in vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity - Robert, Marie; Céline Zatylny-Gaudin; Fournier, Vincent; Corre, Erwan; Gildas Le Corguille; Bernay, Benoît; Joël Henry (Process Biochemistry, 2015)

The mosaic of habitats of the Seine estuary: Insights from food-web modelling and network analysis - Samuele Tecchio; Rius, Armonie Tous; Dauvin, Jean-Claude; Lobry, Jeremy; Géraldine Lassalle; Morin, Jocelyne; Bacq, Nicolas; Cachera, Marie; Chaalali, Aurélie; Villanueva, Maria Ching; Nathalie Niquil (ECOLOGICAL MODELLING, 2015)
Ecological network analysis was applied in the Seine estuary ecosystem, northern France, integrating ecological data from the years 1996 to 2002. The Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) approach was used to model the trophic flows in 6 spatial compartments leading to 6 distinct EwE models: the navigation channel and the two channel flanks in the estuary proper, and 3 marine habitats in the eastern Seine Bay. Each model included 12 consumer groups, 2 primary producers, and one detritus group. Ecological network analysis was performed, including a set of indices, keystoneness, and trophic spectrum analysis to describe the contribution of the 6 habitats to the Seine estuary ecosystem functioning. Results showed that the two habitats with a functioning most related to a stressed state were the northern and central navigation channels, where building works and constant maritime traffic are considered major anthropogenic stressors. The strong top-down control highlighted in the other 4 habitats was not present in the central channel, showing instead (i) a change in keystone roles in the ecosystem towards sediment-based, lower trophic levels, and (ii) a higher system omnivory. The southern channel evidenced the highest system activity (total system throughput), the higher trophic specialisation (low system omnivory), and the lowest indication of stress (low cycling and relative redundancy). Marine habitats showed higher fish biomass proportions and higher transfer efficiencies per trophic levels than the estuarine habitats, with a transition area between the two that presented intermediate ecosystem structure. The modelling of separate habitats permitted disclosing each one's response to the different pressures, based on their a priori knowledge. Network indices, although non-monotonously, responded to these differences and seem a promising operational tool to define the ecological status of transitional water ecosystems. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Movement patterns and home range of wild and re-stocked Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) monitored by radio-telemetry in Lake Imiria, Peru - Jesus Nuñez-Rodriguez; Fabrice Duponchelle; Cotrina-Doria, M.; Renno, Jean-Francois; Chávez Veintemilla, C; Rebaza, C.; Deza, S.; García-Dávila, C; Chu-Koo, F; Salvador Tello; Baras, Etienne (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)

Multi-causality and spatial non-stationarity in the determinants of groundwater crustacean diversity in Europe - D. Eme; M. Zagmajster; C. Fiser; D. Galassi; P. Marmonier; F. Stoch; J. F. Cornu; Thierry Oberdorff; F. Malard (Ecography, 2015)

A new modeling approach to define marine ecosystems food-web status with uncertainty assessment - Chaalali, Aurélie; Saint-Béat, B; Géraldine Lassalle; Le Loc'h, Francois; Samuele Tecchio; Safi, Georges; Savenkoff, Claude; Lobry, Jeremy; Nathalie Niquil (Progress in Oceanography, 2015)

A new species of Sicyopterus (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Indonesia. - Philippe Keith; Clara Lord; Sauri, S; Frédéric Busson; Hubert, Nicolas; Hadiaty, Renny (Cybium, 2015)

A new Stiphodon from Indonesia (Teleostei: Gobiidae) - Philippe Keith; Clara Lord; Frédéric Busson; Sauri, S; Hubert, Nicolas; Hadiaty, Renny (Cybium, 2015)
Keywords: Indonesia; New species; Stiphodon

A new Stiphodon from Indonesia (Teleostei: Gobiidae) - Philippe Keith; Frédéric Busson; Sauri, S; Hubert, N; Hadiaty, Renny (Cybium, 2015)
Keywords: Freshwater; Gobiidae; Indonesia; New species; Stiphodon aureofuscus

The oldest notostracan (Upper Devonian Strud Locality, Belgium) - Linda Lagebro; Pierre Gueriau; Thomas Hegna; Nicolas Rabet; Aodhán Butler; Graham Budd (Palaeontology, 2015)

Ontogenetic dietary and habitat shifts in Goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara, from French Guiana. - C Artero; C.C. Koenig; P. Richard; R. Berzins; G. Guillou; C. Bouchon; L. Lampert (Endangered species Research, 2015)

Opinion Paper: how vulnerable are Amazonian freshwater fishes to ongoing climate change? - Thierry Oberdorff; Jézéquel, Céline; Campero, Melina; Carvajal-Vallejos, Fernando; Cornu, Jean-François; Dias, Murilo S; Fabrice Duponchelle; Maldonado, Mabel; H. Ortega; Renno, Jean-Francois; Pablo Tedesco (Journal of Applied Ichthytology, 2015)

Opinion Paper: how vulnerable are Amazonian freshwater fishes to ongoing climate change? - Thierry Oberdorff; C. Jézéquel; M. Campero; F. Carvajal-Vallejos; J.F. Cornu; M.S. Dias; Fabrice Duponchelle; J.A. Maldonado-Ocampo; H. Ortega; J.F. Renno; Pablo Tedesco (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)
With around 15% of all described freshwater fish species in the world, the Amazon Basin is by far the most fish species- rich freshwater ecosystem on the planet. In this opinion paper, a rough evaluation is given on just how vulnerable Amazonian freshwater fishes are to ongoing climate change. And to argue that current anthropogenic threats through rapid expansion of human infrastructure and economic activ- ities in the basin could be a far greater threat to fish commu- nities than those anticipated by any future climate change. Conservation actions in the Amazon Basin should focus preferentially on reducing the impacts of present-day anthro- pogenic threats.

Parental exposure to the herbicide diuron results in oxidative DNA damage to germinal cells of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. - Barranger, Audrey; Clothilde Heude-Berthelin; Rouxel, Julien; Adeline, Béatrice; Benabdelmouna, Abdellah; Burgeot, Thierry; Akcha, Farida (Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, 2015)
Chemical pollution by pesticides has been identified as a possible contributing factor to the massive mortality outbreaks observed in Crassostrea gigas for several years. A previous study demonstrated the vertical transmission of DNA damage by subjecting oyster genitors to the herbicide diuron at environmental concentrations during gametogenesis. This trans-generational effect occurs through damage to genitor-exposed gametes, as measured by the comet-assay. The presence of DNA damage in gametes could be linked to the formation of DNA damage in other germ cells. In order to explore this question, the levels and cell distribution of the oxidized base lesion 8-oxodGuo were studied in the gonads of exposed genitors. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV and electrochemical detection analysis showed an increase in 8-oxodGuo levels in both male and female gonads after exposure to diuron. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed the presence of 8-oxodGuo at all stages of male germ cells, from early to mature stages. Conversely, the oxidized base was only present in early germ cell stages in female gonads. These results indicate that male and female genitors underwent oxidative stress following exposure to diuron, resulting in DNA oxidation in both early germ cells and gametes, such as spermatozoa, which could explain the transmission of diuron-induced DNA damage to offspring. Furthermore, immunostaining of early germ cells seems indicates that damages caused by exposure to diuron on germ line not only affect the current sexual cycle but also could affect future gametogenesis.

Periodic life history strategy of Psectrogaster rutiloides, Kner 1858, in the Iquitos region, Peruvian Amazon - García-Vasquez, Aurea; Vargas, Gladys; Sánchez, H; Salvador Tello; Fabrice Duponchelle (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)

Photosystem-II shutdown evolved with Nitrogen fixation in the unicellular diazotroph Crocosphaera watsonii. - Rabouille, Sophie; Claquin, Pascal (Environ Microbiol, 2015)
Protection of nitrogenase from oxygen in unicellular cyanobacteria is obtained by temporal separation of photosynthesis and diazotrophy, through transcriptional and translational regulations of nitrogenase. But diazotrophs can face environmental situations in which N2 fixation occurs significantly in the light, and we believe that another control operates to make it possible. The nighttime shutdown of PSII activity is a peculiar behavior that discriminates C. watsonii WH8501 from any other phototroph, whether prokaryote or eukaryote. This phenomenon is not only due to the plastoquinone pool redox status and suggests that the sentinel D1 protein, expressed in periods of nitrogen fixation, is inactive. Results demonstrate a tight constraint of oxygen evolution in C. watsonii as additional protection of nitrogenase activity and suggest a possible recycling of cellular components.

Population structure of the Asian amphidromous Sicydiinae goby, Stiphodon percnopterygionus with comments on larval dispersal in the northwest Pacific Ocean. - Clara Lord; Maeda, Ken; Philippe Keith; Watanabe, S (Life and Environment,, 2015)
Keywords: amphidromy; Larval dispersa; Population structure.; Sicydiinae; Stiphodon

Population structure of the Asian amphidromous Sicydiinae goby, Stiphodon percnopterygionus with comments on larval dispersal in the northwest Pacific Ocean. - Clara Lord; Maeda, Ken; Philippe Keith; Watanabe, S (Life and Environment, 2015)
Keywords: amphidromy; larval dispersal; POPULATION STRUCTURE; Sicydiinae; Stiphodon

The potential for climate-driven bathymetric range shifts: sustained temperature and pressure exposures on a marine ectotherm, Palaemonetes varians - Morris, J. P.; Thatje, S.; Cottin, D.; Oliphant, A.; Brown, A.; Bruce Shillito; Juliette Ravaux; Hauton, C. (Royal Society Open Science, 2015)

Production of exopolymers (EPS) by cyanobacteria: impact on the carbon-to-nutrient ratio of the particulate organic matter - Pannard, A; Pédronon, J; Bormans, M; Briand, E; Pascal Claquin; Yvan Lagadeuc (Aquatic Ecology, 2015)
Freshwater cyanobacteria can produce large amount of mucilage, particularly during large blooms. The production of these carbon-rich exopolymers (EPS) should influence the carbon-to-nutrient ratios of the organic matter (OM), which are regularly used as a proxy for the herbivorous food quality. However, little is known about the consequences of EPS production on the carbon-to-nutrient ratio of the OM. Two EPS forms can be distinguished: the free fraction composed of soluble extracellular polymeric substances (S-EPS) and the particulate fraction corresponding to the transparent exopolymer particles (TEP). The aim of the study was to determine whether the TEP and S-EPS productions by cyanobacteria influence the carbon-to-nutrient ratios of the particulate OM (POM). Five cyanobacteria species were grown in batch culture and characterized in terms of photosynthetic activity, EPS production, and C, N, P contents. The variability in EPS production was compared with the variability in stoichiometry of the POM. Most of cyanobacteria live in association with heterotrophic bacteria (HB) within the mucilage. The effect of the presence/absence of HB on EPS production and the carbon-to-nutrient ratios of the POM was also characterized for the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. We showed that TEP production increased the carbon-to-nutrient ratios of the POM in the absence of HB, while the stoichiometry did not significantly change when HB were present. The C:N ratio of the POM decreased with production of  S-EPS by the five species. Lastly, the three colonial species (Chroococcales) tend to produce more TEP than the two filamentous species (Oscillatoriales), with the two picocyanobacteria being the most productive of both TEP and S-EPS.

Rapport bibliographique pour la mise en place d'un indicateur mangrove dans le cadre de la DCE Eaux Littorales dans les DOM. Convention ONEMA/MNHN 2015. 35 pages - Guillaume Dirberg (2015)
Keywords: Bioindication; DCE; Mangrove

Rearing of the Amazon catfish Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Castelnau, 1855): weaning with dry and moist diets - Fernández-Méndez, C.; Frank David; Darias, Maria; Castro-Ruiz, Diana; Jesus Nuñez-Rodriguez (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)

Re-description of Apistogramma payaminonis Kullander, 1986, with descriptions of two new cichlid species of the genus Apistogramma (Teleostei, Perciformes, Geophaginae) from northern Peru - Römer, Uwe; Soares, D. P.; García-Dávila, C.; Fabrice Duponchelle; Renno, Jean-Francois; Hanh, I. (Vertebrate Zoology, 2015)

Regulation of Hox orthologues in the oyster Crassostrea gigas evidences a functional role for promoter DNA methylation in an invertebrate. - Saint-Carlier, Emma; Guillaume Rivière (FEBS Lett, 2015)
DNA methylation within promoter regions (PRDM) controls vertebrate early gene transcription and thereby development, but is neglected outside this group. However, epigenetic features in the oyster Crassostrea gigas suggest functional significance of PDRM in invertebrates. To investigate this, reporter constructs containing in vitro methylated oyster Hox gene promoters were transfected into oyster embryos. The influence of in vivo methylation was studied using bisulfite sequencing and DNA methyltransferase inhibition during development. Our results demonstrate that methylation controls the transcriptional activity of the promoters investigated, unraveling a functional role for PRDM in a lophotrochozoan, an important finding regarding the evolution of epigenetic regulation.
Keywords: Animals; Azacitidine; CHO Cells; Crassostrea; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase; DNA Methylation; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Enzyme Inhibitors; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Homeodomain Proteins; Invertebrates; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Transfection

Relationships between biodiversity and the stability of marine ecosystems: Comparisons at a European scale using meta-analysis - Cusson, Mathieu; Tasman P. Crowe; Rita Araújo; Francisco Arenas; Rebbecca Aspden; Fabio Bulleri; Dominique Davoult; Kirstie Dyson; Simonetta Fraschetti; Kristjan Herkül; Cédric Hubas; Stuart Jenkins; et al. (Journal of Sea Research, 2015)
Abstract The relationship between biodiversity and stability of marine benthic assemblages was investigated through meta-analyses using existing data sets (n = 28) covering various spatial (m–km) and temporal (1973–2006; ranging from 5 to > 250 months) scales in different benthic habitats (emergent rock, rock pools and sedimentary habitats) over different European marine systems (North Atlantic and western Mediterranean). Stability was measured by a lower variability in time, and variability was estimated as temporal variance of species richness, total abundance (density or % cover) and community structure (using Bray–Curtis dissimilarities on species composition and abundance). Stability generally decreased with species richness. Temporal variability in species richness increased with the number of species at both quadrat (< 1 m2) and site (  100 m2) scales, while no relationship was observed by multivariate analyses. Positive relationships were also observed at the scale of site between temporal variability in species richness and variability in community structure with evenness estimates. This implies that the relationship between species richness or evenness and species richness variability is slightly positive and depends on the scale of observation. Thus, species richness does not stabilize temporal fluctuations in species number, rather species rich assemblages are those most likely to undergo the largest fluctuations in species numbers and abundance from time to time. Changes within community assemblages in terms of structure are, however, generally independent of biodiversity. Except for sedimentary and rock pool habitats, no relationship was observed between temporal variation of total abundances and diversity at either scale. Overall, our results emphasize that the relation between species richness and species-level measures of temporal variability depends on scale of measurements, type of habitats and the marine system (North Atlantic and Mediterranean) considered.
Keywords: Benthic Marine Coastal Habitats; Biodiversity Ecosystem Functioning; Community Variability; Diversity–Stability Relationships; Temporal Variability

Relative abundances of methane- and sulfur-oxidizing symbionts in gills of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus under pressure - Szafranski, Kamil M.; Piquet, Bérénice; Bruce Shillito; Lallier, François H.; Duperron, Sébastien (Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2015)

The Research Network on Amazonian Ichthyofauna - Darias, Maria; Amadio, S. A.; Rosenthal, H. (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)

Review of the Eulimnadia (Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata) from North Africa and adjacent regions, with two new species from Mauritania - Nicolas Rabet; François Clarac; Pascal Lluch; Eric Gallerne; Michael Korn (Journal of Crustacean Biology, 2015)

Revision of vernacular names for the freshwater fish of French Guiana. - Grenand, Pierre; Chapuis, Jean; Cognat André; Cristinoi Antonia; Davy Damien; Grenand Françoise; Michel Jégu; Philippe Keith; Martin, Emmanuel; Nemo François; Pagezy Hélène; Le Bail, Pierre-Yves (Cybium, 2015)

The role of female cephalopod researchers: past and present - Allcock, A. Louise; von Boletzky, Sigurd; Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli; Brunetti, Norma E.; Cazzaniga, Néstor J.; Hochberg, Eric; Ivanovic, Marcela; Lipinski, Marek; Marian, José E. A. R.; Nigmatullin, Chingis; Nixon, Marion; Jean-Paul Robin; et al. (Journal of Natural History, 2015)

Seasonal variations of the composition of microbial biofilms in sandy tidal flats: Focus of fatty acids, pigments and exopolymers - Passarelli, C; Tarik Meziane; Najet Thiney; Dominique Boeuf; B Jesus; Mickael Ruivo; Christian Jeanthon; Cédric Hubas (Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2015)
Abstract Biofilms, or microbial mats, are common associations of microorganisms in tidal flats; they generally consist of a large diversity of organisms embedded in a matrix of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS). These molecules are mainly composed of carbohydrates and proteins, but their detailed monomer compositions and seasonal variations are currently unknown. Yet this composition determines the numerous roles of biofilms in these systems. This study investigated the changes in composition of carbohydrates in intertidal microbial mats over a year to decipher seasonal variations in biofilms and in varying hydrodynamic conditions. This work also aimed to assess how these compositions are related to microbial assemblages. In this context, natural biofilms whose development was influenced or not by artificial structures mimicking polychaete tubes were sampled monthly for over a year in intertidal flats of the Chausey archipelago. Biofilms were compared through the analysis of their fatty acid and pigment contents, and the monosaccharide composition of their \{EPS\} carbohydrates. Carbohydrates from both colloidal and bound \{EPS\} contained mainly glucose and, to a lower extent, galactose and mannose but they showed significant differences in their detailed monosaccharide compositions. These two fractions displayed different seasonal evolution, even if glucose accumulated in both fractions in summer; bound \{EPS\} only were affected by artificial biogenic structures. Sediment composition in fatty acids and pigments showed that microbial communities were dominated by diatoms and heterotrophic bacteria. Their relative proportions, as well as those of other groups like cryptophytes, changed between times and treatments. The changes in \{EPS\} composition were not fully explained by modifications of microbial assemblages but also depended on the processes taking place in sediments and on environmental conditions. These variations of \{EPS\} compositions are likely to alter different ecosystem processes such as biostabilisation or pollutants trapping.
Keywords: biofilms; biogenic structures; EPS; fatty acids; monosaccharide composition; pigments

Shell growth, microstructure and composition over the development cycle of the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata - Stéphanie Auzoux-Bordenave; Brahmi, C.; Badou, Aicha; de Rafélis, M.; Huchette, S. (Marine Biology, 2015)
The shell of the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata is a model for studying mechanisms of mollusc shell formation, but the early steps of shell formation and calcification remain poorly documented. The microstructure and the mineralogical and geochemical composition of larval and juvenile shells were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and ion microprobe analyses (NanoSIMS). Analyses were performed on shells obtained from controlled fertilisations at the hatchery France-Haliotis (Plouguerneau, France) in July 2009 and 2010 using abalone from Roscoff. Shell cross sections revealed the microstructural arrangement of the developing shell, showing progressive biomineral organisation into two differentiated layers, i.e. the outer granular and the internal nacreous layer. Infrared analysis confirmed that the European abalone shell, at every stage of development, was mostly composed of CaCO3 in the form of aragonite. Variations in trace element composition, i.e. Sr/Ca, were measured in the different stages and correlated with micro-structural changes in the shells. Experimental manganese labelling of live abalones produced cathodoluminescence marks in the growing shell sections. The increase in shell thickness can be used to determine the growth rate of an early adult abalone shell.

A short history of the fisheries of Crozet Islands - Patrice Pruvost; Guy Duhamel; Nicolas Gasco; Palomares, M L D (Fisheries Centre Research Reports, 2015)

Spatial changes in fatty acids signatures of the great scallop Pecten maximus across the Bay of Biscay continental shelf - Nerot, C; Tarik Meziane; Gauthier Schaal; Grall, J; Lorrain, A; Paullet, Y-M; Kraffe, E (Continental Shelf Research, 2015)
The spatial variability of food resources along continental margins can strongly influence the physiology and ecology of benthic bivalves. We explored the variability of food sources of the great scallop Pecten maximus, by determining their fatty acid (FA) composition along an inshore–offshore gradient in the Bay of Biscay (from 15 to 190 m depth). The FA composition of the digestive gland showed strong differences between shallow and deep-water habitats. This trend was mainly driven by their content in diatom-characteristic fatty acids, which are abundant near the coast. Scallops collected from the middle of the continental shelf were characterized by higher contents of flagellate markers than scallops from shallow habitats. This could be related to a permanent vertical stratification in the water column, which reduced vertical mixing of waters, thereby enhancing organic matter recycling through the microbial loop. In the deeper water station (190 m), FA compositions were close to the compositions found in scallops from shallow areas, which suggest that scallops could have access to the same resources (i.e. diatoms). Muscle FA composition was more indicative of the physiological state of scallops over this depth range, revealing contrasting reproductive strategies among the two coastal sites and metabolic or physiological adaptation at greater depth (e.g. structural and functional adjustments of membrane composition). This study therefore revealed contrasted patterns between shallow and deeper habitats for both P. maximus muscle and digestive gland tissues. This emphasizes the variability in the diet of this species along its distribution range, and stresses the importance of analyzing different tissues for their FA composition in order to better understand their physiology and ecology.
Keywords: Depth gradient; fatty acids; Metabolism; Pecten maximus; Trophic markers

Spatio-temporal variations in the composition of organic matter in surface sediments of a mangrove receiving shrimp farm effluents (New Caledonia) - Adélaide Aschenbroich; Cyril Marchand; Nathalie Molnar; Jonhatan Deborde; Cédric Hubas; Hervé Rybarczyk; Tarik Meziane (Science of The Total Environment, 2015)
In order to investigate spatio-temporal variations in the composition and origin of the benthic organic matter (OM) at the sediment surface in mangrove receiving shrimp farm effluents, fatty acid (FA) biomarkers, natural stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N), C:N ratios and chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations were determined during the active and the non-active period of the farm. Fatty acid compositions in surface sediments within the mangrove forest indicated that organic matter inputs varied along the year as a result of farm activity. Effluents were the source of fresh particulate organic matter for the mangrove, as evidenced by the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) distribution. The anthropogenic \{MUFA\} 18:1ω9 was not only accumulated at the sediment surface in some parts of the mangrove, but was also exported to the seafront. Direct release of bacteria and enhanced in situ production of fungi, as revealed by specific FAs, stimulated mangrove litter decomposition under effluent runoff condition. Also, microalgae released from ponds contributed to maintain high benthic chl-a concentrations in mangrove sediments in winter and to a shift in microphytobenthic community assemblage. Primary production was high whether the farm released effluent or not which questioned the temporary effect of shrimp farm effluent on benthic microalgae dynamic. This study outlined that mangrove benthic organic matter was qualitatively and quantitatively affected by shrimp farm effluent release and that responses to environmental condition changes likely depended on mangrove stand characteristics.
Keywords: Chlorophyll-a; fatty acids; Mangrove; Organic matter; Shrimp farming; Stable isotopes

Species-specific PCR-RFLP for identification of early life history stages of squid and other applications to fisheries research - McKeown, Niall J.; Jean-Paul Robin; Shaw, Paul W. (Fisheries Research, 2015)
Keywords: Alloteuthis; Cephalopoda; Fisheries management; Loligo; Species identification; Sustainable

Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages - Laumer, Christopher E.; Bekkouche, Nicolas; Kerbl, Alexandra; Goetz, Freya; Neves, Ricardo C.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Hejnol, Andreas; Dunn, Casey W.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Worsaae, Katrine (Current Biology, 2015)

Stable isotopes reveal food web modifications along the upstream– downstream gradient of a temperate stream - N. Hette; Jérôme Belliard; E. Tales; Thierry Oberdorff (Aquatic Sciences, 2015)
ABSTRACT: The upstream–downstream gradient (UDG) is a key feature of streams. For instance food webs are assumed to change from upstream to downstream. We tested this hypothesis in a small European river catchment (937 km 2), and examined whether food web modifications are related to structural (i.e. food web composition) or functional changes (i.e. alteration of linkages within the web). We adopted a double approach at two levels of organisation (assemblage and species levels) using two isotopic metrics (isotopic space area and isotopic niche overlap), and proposed a new hypothesis-testing framework for exploring the dominant feeding strategy within a food web. We confirmed that the UDG influenced stream food webs, and found that food web modifications were related to both structural and functional changes. The structural change was mainly related to an increase in species richness, and induced functional modifications of the web (indirect effect). In addition, the UDG also modified the functional features of the web directly, without changing the web composition. The proposed framework allowed relating the direct effect of the UDG to a diet specialisation of the species, and the indirect effect via the structural changes to a generalist feeding strategy. The framework highlights the benefits of conducting the double approach, and provides a foundation for future studies investigating the dominant feeding strategy that underlies food web modifications.

Stiphodon annieae, a new species of freshwater goby from Indonesia (Teleostei: Gobiidae). - Philippe Keith; Hadiaty, Renny (Cybium, 2015)
Keywords: Freshwater; Halmahera; Indonesia; New species; Stiphodon annieae

Stock structure of the English Channel common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) during the reproduction period - Gras, Michael; Safi, Georges; Lebredonchel, Hugo; Quinquis, Jérôme; Foucher, Eric; Koueta, Noussithé; Jean-Paul Robin (Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2015)
Within the English Channel, the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis is a semelparous species for which a 2-year life cycle was exclusively described in the 1980s. In the 1990s, new research indicated that whilst a 2-year life cycle was still evident for females and the large majority of males, a small proportion of males were actually maturing at only 1 year of age. Since 1980, the interest of French and UK fishers for this resource has increased and it is nowadays one of the most important demersal species of the area and is considered to be fully exploited. From the start of the 20th century, fishing effort and sea surface temperatures have increased in the English Channel and have probably impacted the life history traits of S. officinalis. A 2-year sampling programme was undertaken at French landing sites of the English Channel during the reproduction season in 2010 and 2011 to estimate if the proportion of 1-year-old mature animals has changed. Age determination was carried out by coupling polymodal decomposition and lipofuscin measurement. Size-at-maturity for each year and each sex was estimated by fitting a binomial error GLM. Results highlight that a variable percentage of males and females belonging to the first cohort are mature and that size-at-maturity was lower than that observed in the 1990s. Finally, different parameters, such as temperature and fishing pressure are explored to discuss changes in life history traits suggesting that cuttlefish could be an indicator of the temperature regime shift in the English Channel.

Storage of Karyotyped Voucher Specimens and their Molecular Identification - Dettai, Agnès; Patrice Pruvost (Fish Cytogenetic Techniques: Ray-Fin Fishes and Chondrichthyans, 2015)
Fish are currently the only vertebrate group where several hundred new species are still described each year (Fig. 1). One third of the currently recognized species have been described in the last 12 years (Fishbase 2002; 2014). The reassesment using modern approaches of species that were thought to be well known resulted in the discovery of many new species (Thomas et al. 2014; Zemlak et al. 2009). In a particularly stunning example, Durand et al.(2012) presented evidence for the presence of many cryptic groups within ...

Temporal and spatial distribution of young Brachyplatystoma spp. (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) along the rapids stretch of the Madeira River (Brazil) before the construction of two hydroelectric dams - Cella-Ribeiro, Ariana; Assakawa, L. F.; Torrente-Vilara, Gislene; Zuanon, Jansen; Leite, R. G.; Doria, C.; Fabrice Duponchelle (Journal of Fish Biology, 2015)

Temporal and spatial distribution of young Brachyplatystoma spp. (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) along the rapids stretch of the Madeira River (Brazil) before the construction of two hydroelectric dams - Cella Ribeiro, A.; Fugimoto Assakawa, L.; Torrente-Vilara, Gislene; Zuanon, Jansen; Leite, R.G.; Doria, C.; Fabrice Duponchelle (Journal of Fish Biology, 2015)

The three steps of the carbonate biogenic dissolution process by microborers in coral reefs (New Caledonia). - Grange, J; Hervé Rybarczyk; Tribollet, A (Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2015)
Biogenic dissolution of carbonates by microborers is one of the main destructive forces in coral reefs and is predicted to be enhanced by eutrophication and ocean acidification by 2100. The chlorophyte Ostreobium sp., the main agent of this process, has been reported to be one of the most responsive of all microboring species to those environmental factors. However, very little is known about its recruitment, how it develops over successions of microboring communities, and how that influences rates of biogenic dissolution. Thus, an experiment with dead coral blocks exposed to colonization by microborers was carried out on a reef in New Caledonia over a year period. Each month, a few blocks were collected to study microboring communities and the associated rates of biogenic dissolution. Our results showed a drastic shift in community species composition between the 4th and 5th months of exposure, i.e., pioneer communities dominated by large chlorophytes such as Phaeophila sp. were replaced by mature communities dominated by Ostreobium sp. Prior the 4th month of exposure, large chlorophytes were responsible for low rates of biogenic dissolution while during the community shift, rates increased exponentially (×10). After 6 months of exposure, rates slowed down and reached a "plateau" with a mean of 0.93 kg of CaCO3 dissolved per m(2) of reef after 12 months of exposure. Here, we show that (a) Ostreobium sp. settled down in new dead substrates as soon as the 3rd month of exposure but dominated communities only after 5 months of exposure and (b) microbioerosion dynamics comprise three distinct steps which fully depend on community development stage and grazing pressure.

The Toll/NF-κB pathway in cuttlefish symbiotic accessory nidamental gland. - Cornet, Valérie; Joël Henry; Corre, Erwan; Gildas Le Corguille; Céline Zatylny-Gaudin (Dev Comp Immunol, 2015)
The female genital apparatus of decapod cephalopods contains a symbiotic accessory nidamental gland (ANG) that harbors bacterial symbionts. Although the ANG bacterial consortium is now well described, the impact of symbiosis on Sepia officinalis innate immunity pathways remains unknown. In silico analysis of the de novo transcriptome of ANG highlighted for the first time the existence of the NF-κB pathway in S. officinalis. Several signaling components were identified, i.e. five Toll-like receptors, eight signaling cascade features, and the immune response target gene iNOS, previously described as being involved in the initiation of bacterial symbiosis in a cephalopod gland. This work provides a first key for studying bacterial symbiosis and its impact on innate immunity in S. officinalis ANG.

Towards understanding the organisation of metacommunities in highly dynamic ecological systems - T. Datry; N. Bonada; J. Heino (Oikos, 2015)
ABSTRACT: Community ecology recognises today that local biological communities are not only affected by local biotic interactions and abiotic environmental conditions, but also by regional processes (e.g. dispersal). While much is known about how metacommunities are organised in space in terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecological systems, their temporal variations remain poorly studied. Here, we address the question of the dynamics of metacommunities in highly variable systems, using intermittent rivers (IRs), those rivers which temporarily stop flowing or dry up, as a model system. We first review how habitat heterogeneity in space and time influences metacommunity organisation. Second, we compare the metacommunities in IRs to those in perennial rivers (PRs) and develop the idea that IRs could undergo highly dynamic shifts due to the temporal variability in local and regional community processes. Third, we develop the idea that in IRs, metacommunities of the wet and dry phases of IRs are closely intertwined, thereby increasing even more their respective temporal dynamics. Last, we provide a roadmap to stimulate further conceptual and empirical developments of metacommunity research and identify possible applications for improving the management of IRs and other highly dynamic ecological systems.

Trace metal concentrations in post-hatching cuttlefish Sepia officinalis and consequences of dissolved zinc exposure. - Le Pabic, C; Christelle Caplat; Lehodey Jean-Paul; Milinkovitch, Thomas; Siméoni Koueta-Noussithé; Cosson, Richard Philippe; Paco Bustamante (Aquat Toxicol, 2015)
In this study, we investigated the changes of 13 trace metal and metalloid concentrations (i.e. Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V, Zn) and their subcellular fractionation in juvenile cuttlefish Sepia officinalis reared in controlled conditions between hatching and 2 months post-hatching. In parallel, metallothionein concentrations were determined. Our results highlighted contrasting changes of studied metals. Indeed, As and Fe concentrations measured in hatchlings suggested a maternal transfer of these elements in cuttlefish. The non-essential elements Ag and Cd presented the highest accumulation during our study, correlated with the digestive gland maturation. During the 6 first weeks of study, soluble fractions of most of essential trace metals (i.e. Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Se, Zn) slowly increased consistently with the progressive needs of cuttlefish metabolism during this period. In order to determine for the first time in a cephalopod how metal concentrations and their subcellular distributions are impacted when the animals are trace metal-exposed, we studied previously described parameters in juveniles exposed to dissolved Zn at environmental (i.e. 50 μg l(-1)) and sublethal (i.e. 200 μg l(-1)) levels. Moreover, oxidative stress (i.e. glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, and lipid peroxidation (LPO)) was assessed in digestive gland and gills after 1 and 2 months exposures. Our results highlighted no or low ability of this stage of life to regulate dissolved Zn accumulation during the studied period, consistently with high sensitivity of this organism. Notably, Zn exposures caused a concentration-dependent Mn depletion in juvenile cuttlefish, and an increase of soluble fraction of Ag, Cd, Cu without accumulation modifications, suggesting substitution of these elements (i.e. Mn, Ag, Cd, Cu) by Zn. In parallel, metallothionein concentrations decreased in individuals most exposed to Zn. Finally, no perturbations in oxidative stress management were detected in gills, whereas modifications of GST, SOD and catalase activity levels were recorded in digestive gland, resulting in an increase of LPO content after a 6-week exposure to low Zn concentration. Altogether, these perturbations are consistent with previously described high sensitivity of juvenile cuttlefish towards Zn. Our results underlined the need to study deeply contamination impact on this animal at this stage of life.

Transcriptome analysis reveals strong and complex antiviral response in a mollusc. - He, Yan; Jouaux, Aude; Ford, Susan E; Christophe Lelong; Pascal Sourdaine; Mathieu, Michel; Guo, Ximing (Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2015)
Viruses are highly abundant in the oceans, and how filter-feeding molluscs without adaptive immunity defend themselves against viruses is not well understood. We studied the response of a mollusc Crassostrea gigas to Ostreid herpesvirus 1 µVar (OsHV-1μVar) infections using transcriptome sequencing. OsHV-1μVar can replicate extremely rapidly after challenge of C. gigas as evidenced by explosive viral transcription and DNA synthesis, which peaked at 24 and 48 h post-inoculation, respectively, accompanied by heavy oyster mortalities. At 120 h post-injection, however, viral gene transcription and DNA load, and oyster mortality, were greatly reduced indicating an end of active infections and effective control of viral replication in surviving oysters. Transcriptome analysis of the host revealed strong and complex responses involving the activation of all major innate immune pathways that are equipped with expanded and often novel receptors and adaptors. Novel Toll-like receptor (TLR) and MyD88-like genes lacking essential domains were highly up-regulated in the oyster, possibly interfering with TLR signal transduction. RIG-1/MDA5 receptors for viral RNA, interferon-regulatory factors, tissue necrosis factors and interleukin-17 were highly activated and likely central to the oyster's antiviral response. Genes related to anti-apoptosis, oxidation, RNA and protein destruction were also highly up-regulated, while genes related to anti-oxidation were down-regulated. The oxidative burst induced by the up-regulation of oxidases and severe down-regulation of anti-oxidant genes may be important for the destruction of viral components, but may also exacerbate oyster mortality. This study provides unprecedented insights into antiviral response in a mollusc. The mobilization and complex regulation of expanded innate immune-gene families highlights the oyster genome's adaptation to a virus-rich marine environment.

Trophic networks: How do theories link ecosystem structure and functioning to stability properties? A review - Saint-Béat, B; Dan Baird; H Asmus; R Asmus; Bacher, C; Pacella, S R; Johnson, Galen A; David, Valérie; Vézina, A F; Nathalie Niquil (Ecological indicators, 2015)

Trophic opportunism of central Amazon floodplain fish - Jean-Michel Mortillaro; Marc Pouilly; Wach, M; Carlos E.C. Freitas; Gwenaël Abril; Tarik Meziane (Freshwater Biology, 2015)

The "Turritella Layer": a potential proxy of a drastic Holocene environmental change on the North-East Atlantic coast - Agnès Baltzer; Zohra Mokeddem; Evelyne Goubert; Franck Lartaud; Nathalie Labourdette; Jérôme Fournier; Jean-François Bourillet (Sediment Fluxex in Coastal Areas, 2015)

Uncertainties in the projection of species distributions related to general circulation models - Goberville, Eric; Grégory Beaugrand; Nina-Coralie Hautekèete; Yves Piquot; Christophe Luczak (Ecology and Evolution, 2015)
© 2015 The Authors. Ecological Niche Models (ENMs) are increasingly used by ecologists to project species potential future distribution. However the application of such models may be challenging and some caveats have already been identified. While studies have generally shown that projections may be sensitive to the ENM applied or the emission scenario to name just a few the sensitivity of ENM-based scenarios to General Circulation Models (GCMs) has been often underappreciated. Here using a multi-GCM and multi-emission scenario approach we evaluated the variability in projected distributions under future climate conditions. We modeled the ecological realized niche (sensu Hutchinson) and predicted the baseline distribution of species with contrasting spatial patterns and representative of two major functional groups of European trees: the dwarf birch and the sweet chestnut. Their future distributions were then projected onto future climatic conditions derived from seven GCMs and four emissions scenarios using the new Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) developed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR5 report. Uncertainties arising from GCMs and those resulting from emissions scenarios were quantified and compared. Our study reveals that scenarios of future species distribution exhibit broad differences depending not only on emissions scenarios but also on GCMs. We found that the between-GCM variability was greater than the between-RCP variability for the next decades and both types of variability reached a similar level at the end of this century. Our result highlights that a combined multi-GCM and multi-RCP approach is needed to better consider potential trajectories and uncertainties in future species distributions. In all cases between-GCM variability increases with the level of warming and if nothing is done to alleviate global warming future species spatial distribution may become more and more difficult to anticipate. When future species spatial distributions are examined we propose to use a large number of GCMs and RCPs to better anticipate potential trajectories and quantify uncertainties.
Keywords: Biogeography; Climate Change; Ecological niche modeling; Global change models; Species distribution projections; Uncertainties

Unveiling the evolution of bivalve nacre proteins by shell proteomics of Unionoidae. - Marie, Benjamin; Arivalagan, Jaison; Dubost, Lionel; Berland, Sophie; Marie, Arul; Marin, Frédéric (Biomineralization: from fundamentals to biomaterials & environmental issues, 2015)

The use of Depletion Methods to assess Mediterranean cephalopod stocks under the current EU Data Collection Framework - Keller, S; Jean-Paul Robin; Valls, M; Gras, Michael; Cabanellas-Reboredo, M; Quetglas, A (Mediterranean Marine Science, 2015)

Using barcoding of larvae for investigating the breeding seasons of pimelodid catfishes from the Marañon, Napo and Ucayali rivers in the Peruvian Amazon - García-Dávila, C.; Castro-Ruiz, Diana; Renno, Jean-Francois; Chota-Macuyama, Werner; Carvajal-Vallejos, Fernando; Sanchez, H.; Angulo, C.; Nolorbe, C.; Alvarado, J.; Estivals, G; Jesus Nuñez-Rodriguez; Fabrice Duponchelle (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)

Using ecological models to assess ecosystem status in support of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive - Piroddi, Chiara; Teixeira, Heliana; Lynam, Christopher P.; Smith, Chris; Alvarez, Maria C.; Mazik, Krysia; Andonegi, Eider; Churilova, Tanya; Tedesco, Letizia; Chifflet, Marina; Chust, Guillem; Galparsoro, Ibon; et al. (ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS, 2015)
The European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) seeks to achieve, for all European seas, "Good Environmental Status" (GEnS), by 2020. Ecological models are currently one of the strongest approaches used to predicting and understanding the consequences of anthropogenic and climate-driven changes in the natural environment. We assess the most commonly used capabilities of the modelling community to provide information about indicators outlined in the MSFD, particularly on biodiversity, food webs, non-indigenous species and seafloor integrity descriptors. We built a catalogue of models and their derived indicators to assess which models were able to demonstrate: (1) the linkages between indicators and ecosystem structure and function and (2) the impact of pressures on ecosystem state through indicators. Our survey identified 44 ecological models being implemented in Europe, with a high prevalence of those that focus on links between hydrodynamics and biogeochemistry, followed by end-to-end, species distribution/habitat suitability, bio-optical (remote sensing) and multispecies models. Approximately 200 indicators could be derived from these models, the majority of which were biomass and physical/hydrological/chemical indicators. Biodiversity and food webs descriptors, with similar to 49% and similar to 43% respectively, were better addressed in the reviewed modelling approaches than the non-indigenous species (0.3%) and sea floor integrity (similar to 8%) descriptors. Out of 12 criteria and 21 MSFD indicators relevant to the abovementioned descriptors, currently only three indicators were not addressed by the 44 models reviewed. Modelling approaches showed also the potential to inform on the complex, integrative ecosystem dimensions while addressing ecosystem fundamental properties, such as interactions between structural components and ecosystems services provided, despite the fact that they are not part of the MSFD indicators set. The cataloguing of models and their derived indicators presented in this study, aim at helping the planning and integration of policies like the MSFD which require the assessment of all European Seas in relation to their ecosystem status and pressures associated and the establishment of environmental targets (through the use of indicators) to achieve GEnS by 2020. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Variations in reproductive strategy of the silver Arowana, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Cuvier, 1829 from four sub-basins of the Peruvian Amazon - Fabrice Duponchelle; Ruiz-Arce Adela; Waty, A.; García-Vasquez, Aurea; Renno, J-F; Chu-Koo, F; García-Dávila, C.; Vargas, Gladys; Salvador Tello; Ortiz, A.; Pinedo, R.; Manzanares Vásquez, R.; et al. (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015)

What did we learn from PEGASEAS forum "Science and Governance of the Channel Marine Ecosystem"? - L Evariste; Claquin, Pascal; Jean-Paul Robin; Arnaud Auber; Abigail McQuatters-Gollop; Fletcher, Stephen; Glegg, Gillian; Jean-Claude Dauvin (Mar Pollut Bull, 2015)
As one of the busiest marine ecosystems in the world, the English Channel is subjected to strong pressures due to the human activities occurring within it. Effective governance is required to improve the combined management of different activities and so secure the benefits provided by the Channel ecosystem. In July 2014, a Cross-Channel Forum, entitled "Science and Governance of the Channel Marine Ecosystem", was held in Caen (France) as part of the INTERREG project "Promoting Effective Governance of the Channel Ecosystem" (PEGASEAS). Here we use outputs from the Forum as a framework for providing Channel-specific advice and recommendations on marine governance themes, including the identification of knowledge gaps, which may form the foundation of future projects for the next INTERREG project call (2015-2020).

Which factors determine the altitudinal distribution of tropical Andean riverine fishes? - De La Barra, Evans; Zubieta, José; Aguilera, Gastón; Maldonado, Mabel; Marc Pouilly; Oberdorff, Thierry (Revista de Biolog{ía Tropical/International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 2015)

Abnormal ovarian DNA methylation programming during gonad maturation in wild contaminated fish. - Pierron, Fabien; Bureau du Colombier, Sarah; Moffett, Audrey; Caron, Antoine; Peluhet, Laurent; Daffe, Guillemine; Lambert, Patrick; Elie, Pierre; Labadie, Pierre; Budzinski, Hélène; Sylvie Dufour; Couture, Patrice; et al. (Environ Sci Technol, 2014)
There is increasing evidence that pollutants may cause diseases via epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation participate in the regulation of gene transcription. Surprisingly, epigenetics research is still limited in ecotoxicology. In this study, we investigated whether chronic exposure to contaminants experienced by wild female fish (Anguilla anguilla) throughout their juvenile phase can affect the DNA methylation status of their oocytes during gonad maturation. Thus, fish were sampled in two locations presenting a low or a high contamination level. Then, fish were transferred to the laboratory and artificially matured. Before hormonal treatment, the DNA methylation levels of the genes encoding for the aromatase and the receptor of the follicle stimulating hormone were higher in contaminated fish than in fish from the clean site. For the hormone receptor, this hypermethylation was positively correlated with the contamination level of fish and was associated with a decrease in its transcription level. In addition, whereas gonad growth was associated with an increase in DNA methylation in fish from the clean site, no changes were observed in contaminated fish in response to hormonal treatment. Finally, a higher gonad growth was observed in fish from the reference site in comparison to contaminated fish.

Acute toxicity of 8 antidepressants: what are their modes of action? - Minguez, Laetitia; Farcy, E; Ballandonne, Céline; Lepailleur, Alban; Antoine Serpentini; Jean-Marc Lebel; Bureau, Ronan; Halm-Lemeille, Marie-Pierre (Chemosphere, 2014)
Currently, the hazard posed by pharmaceutical residues is a major concern of ecotoxicology. Most of the antidepressants belong to a family named the Cationic Amphipathic Drugs known to have specific interactions with cell membranes. The present study assessed the impact of eight antidepressants belonging to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors by the combination of multi-approaches (in vivo, in vitro, in silico) and gives some insights on the mode of action for these molecules. Antidepressants were from the most to the least toxic compound for Daphnia magna: Sertraline (EC50=1.15 mg L(-1))>Clomipramine (2.74 mg L(-1))>Amitriptyline (4.82 mg L(-1))>Fluoxetine (5.91 mg L(-1))>Paroxetine (6.24 mg L(-1))>Mianserine (7.81 mg L(-1))>Citalopram (30.14 mg L(-1)) and Venlafaxine (141.28 mg L(-1)). These acute toxicities were found correlated to Log Kow coefficients (R=0.93, p<0.001) and to cytotoxicity assessed on abalone hemocytes through the neutral red uptake assay (R=0.96, p<0.001). If narcosis as mode of action is typically expected during acute ecotoxicity bioassays, we showed by molecular modeling that particular interactions can exist between antidepressants and phosphatidylcholine, a major component of cell membranes, leading to a more specific mode of action corresponding to a potential acidic hydrolysis of ester functions.
Keywords: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Daphnia; Environmental Pollutants; Gastropoda; Hemocytes; Lysosomes; Models, Molecular; Phosphatidylcholines; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors

Amazon River carbon dioxide outgassing fuelled by wetlands - Gwenaël Abril; Martinez, Jean Michel; Luis Felipe Artigas; Moreira-Turcq, Patricia; Marc F Benedetti; Vidal, Luciana; Tarik Meziane; Kim, Jung-Hyun; Bernardes, Marcelo C; Savoye, Nicolas; Deborde, Jonathan; Lima Souza, Edivaldo; et al. (Nature, 2014)

Amphidromy and marine larval phase of ancestral Gobioids Rhyacichthys guilberti and Protogobius attiti (Teleostei: Rhyacichthyidae). - Hélène Tabouret; Tomadin, Marina; Taillebois, Laura; Iida, Midori; Clara Lord; Pécheyran, C; Philippe Keith (Marine and Freshwater Research, 2014)
Even if amphidromous fish species contribute most to the diversity of fish communities in the tropical insular rivers, their biological cycle remain poorly known. For the first time, the otolith elemental composition and microstructure of two ancestral gobioids, Rhyacichthys guilberti and Protogobius attiti, were investigated to describe their biological cycle and pelagic larval duration (PLD). The otolith analysis using a femtosecond laser ablation coupled to an inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometer (fs-LA-ICP-MS) revealed an amphidromous life history for R. guilberti and it suggested a progressive habitat shift from a marine habitat to a freshwater environment for P. attiti. For the first time, an endemic species, P. attiti, showed longer and more variable PLD (55.213.5 days) than did a widespread one (R. guilberti: ,30 days). These results need to be confirmed by analysing more samples but suggest that factors other than the PLD control endemism and dispersal processes. In association with this first description of the biological cycle for both species, such an approach is a prerequisite for the management and conservation of both patrimonial species.
Keywords: diadromy; freshwater gobies; otolith microchemistry; tropical islands.

Assessment of cytotoxic and immunomodulatory properties of four antidepressants on primary cultures of abalone hemocytes (Haliotis tuberculata). - Minguez, Laetitia; Halm-Lemeille, Marie-Pierre; Katherine Costil; Bureau, Ronan; Jean-Marc Lebel; Antoine Serpentini (Aquat Toxicol, 2014)
Pharmaceutical compounds like antidepressants found in surface waters raise concerns due to their potential toxicity on non-target aquatic organisms. This study aimed at investigating the in vitro cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory properties of four common antidepressants, namely Amitriptyline, Clomipramine, Citalopram and Paroxetine, on primary cultures of abalone hemocytes (Haliotis tuberculata), after 48 h-exposure. Effects on immunocompetence (phagocytosis, levels of reactive oxygen species, esterase activity and lysosomal membrane destabilization) were assessed. Results obtained by MTT assays revealed that acute toxicity is unlikely to occur in the environment since the LC50s of the four antidepressants are at the mg/L level. The different immunological endpoints displayed a biphasic response, with an increase at the lowest concentration (i.e. 1 μg/L) followed by a decrease at higher concentrations. Overall, Amitriptyline and Clomipramine, the two tricyclic antidepressants, had higher immunomodulatory capacities than the two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Citalopram and Paroxetine. Amitriptyline was the most potent and Citalopram the least potent drug in altering immune function in H. tuberculata.
Keywords: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Enzyme Activation; Esterases; Gastropoda; Hemocytes; Immunity, Innate; Lethal Dose 50; Phagocytosis; Reactive Oxygen Species; Water Pollutants, Chemical

Bacterial dynamics in a microphytobenthic biofilm: A tidal mesocosm approach - Hélène Agogué; Clarisse Mallet; Francis Orvain; Margot de Crignis; Françoise Mornet; Christine Dupuy (Journal of Sea Research, 2014)

Biogeographic patterns of fish - Percy-Alexander Hulley; Causse, Romain; Koubbi, Philippe; Vacchi, Marino (The Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean, 2014)

Biomineralization of Schlumbergerella floresiana, a significant carbonate-producing benthic foraminifer. - Sabbatini, A; Bedouet, L; Marie, A; Bartolini, A; Landemarre, L; Weber, M X; Gusti Ngurah Kade Mahardika, I; Berland, Sophie; Zito, F; Vénec-Peyré, M-T (Geobiology, 2014)
Most foraminifera that produce a shell are efficient biomineralizers. We analyzed the calcitic shell of the large tropical benthic foraminifer Schlumbergerella floresiana. We found a suite of macromolecules containing many charged and polar amino acids and glycine that are also abundant in biomineralization proteins of other phyla. As neither genomic nor transcriptomic data are available for foraminiferal biomineralization yet, de novo-generated sequences, obtained from organic matrices submitted to ms blast database search, led to the characterization of 156 peptides. Very few homologous proteins were matched in the proteomic database, implying that the peptides are derived from unknown proteins present in the foraminiferal organic matrices. The amino acid distribution of these peptides was queried against the uniprot database and the mollusk uniprot database for comparison. The mollusks compose a well-studied phylum that yield a large variety of biomineralization proteins. These results showed that proteins extracted from S. floresiana shells contained sequences enriched with glycine, alanine, and proline, making a set of residues that provided a signature unique to foraminifera. Three of the de novo peptides exhibited sequence similarities to peptides found in proteins such as pre-collagen-P and a group of P-type ATPases including a calcium-transporting ATPase. Surprisingly, the peptide that was most similar to the collagen-like protein was a glycine-rich peptide reported from the test and spine proteome of sea urchin. The molecules, identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analyses, included acid-soluble N-glycoproteins with its sugar moieties represented by high-mannose-type glycans and carbohydrates. Describing the nature of the proteins, and associated molecules in the skeletal structure of living foraminifera, can elucidate the biomineralization mechanisms of these major carbonate producers in marine ecosystems. As fossil foraminifera provide important paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic information, a better understanding of biomineralization in these organisms will have far-reaching impacts.
Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Calcification, Physiologic; Carbonates; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Foraminifera; Molecular Sequence Data; Monosaccharides

Cellular effects of bacterial N-3-Oxo-dodecanoyl-L-Homoserine lactone on the sponge Suberites domuncula (Olivi, 1792): insights into an intimate inter-kingdom dialogue. - Gardères, Johan; Joël Henry; Bernay, Benoît; Ritter, Andrès; Céline Zatylny-Gaudin; Wiens, Matthias; Müller, Werner E G; Le Pennec, Gaël (PLoS One, 2014)
Sponges and bacteria have lived together in complex consortia for 700 million years. As filter feeders, sponges prey on bacteria. Nevertheless, some bacteria are associated with sponges in symbiotic relationships. To enable this association, sponges and bacteria are likely to have developed molecular communication systems. These may include molecules such as N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones, produced by Gram-negative bacteria also within sponges. In this study, we examined the role of N-3-oxododecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL) on the expression of immune and apoptotic genes of the host sponge Suberites domuncula. This molecule seemed to inhibit the sponge innate immune system through a decrease of the expression of genes coding for proteins sensing the bacterial membrane: a Toll-Like Receptor and a Toll-like Receptor Associated Factor 6 and for an anti-bacterial perforin-like molecule. The expression of the pro-apoptotic caspase-like 3/7 gene decreased as well, whereas the level of mRNA of anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-2 Homolog Proteins did not change. Then, we demonstrated the differential expression of proteins in presence of this 3-oxo-C12-HSL using 3D sponge cell cultures. Proteins involved in the first steps of the endocytosis process were highlighted using the 2D electrophoresis protein separation and the MALDI-TOF/TOF protein characterization: α and β subunits of the lysosomal ATPase, a cognin, cofilins-related proteins and cytoskeleton proteins actin, α tubulin and α actinin. The genetic expression of some of these proteins was subsequently followed. We propose that the 3-oxo-C12-HSL may participate in the tolerance of the sponge apoptotic and immune systems towards the presence of bacteria. Besides, the sponge may sense the 3-oxo-C12-HSL as a molecular evidence of the bacterial presence and/or density in order to regulate the populations of symbiotic bacteria in the sponge. This study is the first report of a bacterial secreted molecule acting on sponge cells and regulating the symbiotic relationship.

Cephalopod development: what we can learn from differences - Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli; Yann Bassaglia (OA Biology, 2014)
Introduction The molluscan neuro-muscular system shows extreme diversity. Cephalopods present an original body plan, a derived neuro-muscular complex and a development with drastic changes in the antero-posterior/dorso-ventral orientation. How it took place during evolution is an unresolved question that can be approached by the study of developmental genes. Studying the expression of conserved transcription factors (Pax and NK families, otx, apt) and morphogen (hedgehog) during development is a good test of the conservation of their functions. We underline here unexpected expression patterns during cephalopod development, and we aim to suggest that these patterns may be, at least partly, in relation to morphological novelties in this clade. Conclusion The expression patterns observed point out the diversity of molecular pathways recruited during evolution and the necessary carefulness regarding generalization of results obtained from a very small set of model organisms. Studying different species, with a large diversity of morphology, could help to have a better understanding of the variety of the genes roles and/or of the plasticity of networks.

Cephalopods in neuroscience: regulations, research and the 3Rs. - Fiorito, Graziano; Affuso, Andrea; Anderson, David B; Basil, Jennifer; Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli; Botta, Giovanni; Cole, Alison; D'Angelo, Livia; De Girolamo, Paolo; Dennison, Ngaire; Dickel, Ludovic; Di Cosmo, Anna; et al. (Invert Neurosci, 2014)
Cephalopods have been utilised in neuroscience research for more than 100 years particularly because of their phenotypic plasticity, complex and centralised nervous system, tractability for studies of learning and cellular mechanisms of memory (e.g. long-term potentiation) and anatomical features facilitating physiological studies (e.g. squid giant axon and synapse). On 1 January 2013, research using any of the about 700 extant species of "live cephalopods" became regulated within the European Union by Directive 2010/63/EU on the "Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes", giving cephalopods the same EU legal protection as previously afforded only to vertebrates. The Directive has a number of implications, particularly for neuroscience research. These include: (1) projects will need justification, authorisation from local competent authorities, and be subject to review including a harm-benefit assessment and adherence to the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction). (2) To support project evaluation and compliance with the new EU law, guidelines specific to cephalopods will need to be developed, covering capture, transport, handling, housing, care, maintenance, health monitoring, humane anaesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia. (3) Objective criteria need to be developed to identify signs of pain, suffering, distress and lasting harm particularly in the context of their induction by an experimental procedure. Despite diversity of views existing on some of these topics, this paper reviews the above topics and describes the approaches being taken by the cephalopod research community (represented by the authorship) to produce "guidelines" and the potential contribution of neuroscience research to cephalopod welfare.
Keywords: 3Rs; Animal welfare; Cephalopods; Directive2010/63/EU; Neuroscience

Cg-SoxE and Cg-β-catenin, two new potential actors of the sex-determining pathway in a hermaphrodite lophotrochozoan, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas - Santerre, Christelle; Sourdaine, Pascal; Adeline, Béatrice; Anne-Sophie Martinez (Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 2014)
Sex determination is poorly known in mollusks, lophotrochozoa and most hermaphrodites. In the oyster Crassostrea gigas, an irregular successive hermaphrodite, sex determination may occur at the end of a gametogenetic cycle to prepare the next cycle. To investigate further into these aspects we have focused on orthologs of SoxE and β-catenin, key players of the male and female gonadic differentiation respectively in mammals. Based on phylogenetic analyses, Cg-SoxE, the oyster's SoxE ortholog, is closely related to vertebrate SoxE genes while Cg-β-catenin, the oyster's β-catenin ortholog, is classified amongst lophotrochozoa. The mRNA expression measured by qPCR in the gonadic area during a gametogenetic cycle is maximal for Cg-SoxE when sex is indiscernible and for Cg-β-catenin in mature females. Both expressions are localized from early germ cells to spermatocytes and pre-vitellogenic oocytes, and potentially in somatic cells. Cg-β-catenin is also expressed in vitellogenic oocytes. These actors may be involved in early oyster gonadic differentiation, which includes sex determination. Our results enhance the understanding of sex determination in C. gigas and in mollusks and they provide additional knowledge in compared genomics of reproduction and in molecular phylogeny.
Keywords: Gonadic differentiation; Oyster; Sex-determining pathways; Sox9; β-catenin

Chapter 7. Biogeographic patterns of fish - Guy Duhamel; Percy-Alexander Hulley; Causse, Romain; Koubbi, Philippe; Vacchi, Marino; Patrice Pruvost; Vigetta, Stephanie; Irisson, J.-O.; Mormede, Sophie; Belchier, Mark; others (Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean, 2014)

Chapter Four : Transitions During Cephalopod Life History: The Role of Habitat, Environment, Functional Morphology and Behaviour - Jean-Paul Robin; Roberts, Michael; Zeidberg, Lou; Bloor, Isobel; Rodriguez, Almendra; Briceño, Felipe; Downey, Nicola; Mascaró, Maite; Guerra, Angel; Hofmeister, Jennifer; Barcellos, Diogo D.; Lourenço, Silvia A.P.; et al. (2014)
Keywords: Acquisition of behaviours; Adult; Cephalopod ontogeny; Cohort survival; Environmental variability; Habitat shifts; Juvenile; Life stages; Morphological changes; Paralarvae; Subadult

Characterisation and expression of the biomineralising gene Lustrin A during shell formation of the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata - Gaume, Béatrice; Denis, Françoise; Van Wormhoudt, Alain; Huchette, Sylvain; Jackson, Daniel; Avignon, Solène; Stéphanie Auzoux-Bordenave (Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , Part B, 2014)
The molluscan shell is a remarkable product of a highly biomineralisation process, and is composed of calcium carbonate most commonly in the form of calcite or aragonite. The exceptional mechanical properties of this biomaterial are imparted by the embedded organic matrix which is secreted by the underlying mantle tissue. While many shell-matrix proteins have already been identified within adult molluscan shell, their presence and role in the early developmental stages of larval shell formation are not well understood. In the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata, the shell first forms in the early trochophore larva and develops into a mineralised protoconch in the veliger. Following metamorphosis, the juvenile shell rapidly changes as it becomes flattened and develops a more complex crystallographic profile including an external granular layer and an internal nacreous layer. Among the matrix proteins involved in abalone shell formation, Lustrin A is thought to participate in the formation of the nacreous layer. Here we have identified a partial cDNA coding for the Lustrin A gene in H. tuberculata and have analysed its spatial and temporal expression during abalone development. RT-PCR experiments indicate that Lustrin A is first expressed in juvenile (post-metamorphosis) stages, suggesting that Lustrin A is a component of the juvenile shell, but not of the larval shell. We also detected Lustrin A mRNAs in non-nacre forming cells at the distal-most edge of the juvenile mantle as well as in the nacre-forming region of the mantle. Lustrin A was also expressed in 7-day-old post-larvae, prior to the formation of nacre. These results suggest that Lustrin A plays multiple roles in the shell-forming process and further highlight the dynamic ontogenic nature of molluscan shell formation.
Keywords: biomineralisation; Haliotis tuberculata; larval development; Lustrin A; mollusc; organic matrix; shell

Characterization of spermatogonial markers in the mature testis of the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula L.) - Bosseboeuf, A; Aude Gautier; Auvray, P; Mazan, S; Pascal Sourdaine (Reproduction, 2014)

Colonisation of leaf litter by lotic macroinvertebrates in a headwater stream of the Phachi River (western Thailand) - Frank David; Boonsoong, Boonsatien (Fundamental and Applied Limnology, 2014)

Combining quantitative and qualitative models to identify functional groups for monitoring changes in the Bay of Biscay continental shelf exploited foodweb - Géraldine Lassalle; Nelva Pasqual, J-S; Boët, P; Rochet, M J; Trenkel, V M; Nathalie Niquil (ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2014)
To develop and implement ecosystem-based management, it is critical to monitor foodweb components or functional groups which are robust to uncertainty in ecosystem structure and functioning yet sensitive to changes. To select such functional groups for the Bay of Biscay continental shelf, both quantitative and qualitative foodweb models were developed. First, functional groups for which predictions of directions of change following an increase in primary productivity, prey or predators, or in fishing activities were identical across alternative qualitative model structures were identified. Second, the robustness to model type was assessed by comparing qualitative predictions with quantitative Ecopath model results. The demersal fish community was identified as a sensitive and robust indicator for monitoring foodweb ecological status in the Bay of Biscay. The present study also suggested the potential antagonistic effects of alternative management measures on small pelagic fish and highlighted the need for the joint management of all pressures.
Keywords: comparative studies; ecosystem management; foodweb; loop analysis; Northeast Atlantic continental shelf

Comparison of the sensitivity of seven marine and freshwater bioassays as regards antidepressant toxicity assessment. - Minguez, Laetitia; Di Poi, C; Farcy, E; Ballandonne, Céline; Benchouala, Amira; Bojic, Clément; Cossu-Leguille, Carole; Katherine Costil; Antoine Serpentini; Jean-Marc Lebel; Halm-Lemeille, Marie-Pierre (Ecotoxicology, 2014)
The hazards linked to pharmaceutical residues like antidepressants are currently a major concern of ecotoxicology because they may have adverse effects on non-target aquatic organisms. Our study assesses the ecotoxicity of three antidepressants (fluoxetine, sertraline and clomipramine) using a battery of marine and freshwater species representing different trophic levels, and compares the bioassay sensitivity levels. We selected the following bioassays: the algal growth inhibition test (Skeletonema marinoi and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), the microcrustacean immobilization test (Artemia salina and Daphnia magna), development and adult survival tests on Hydra attenuata, embryotoxicity and metamorphosis tests on Crassostrea gigas, and in vitro assays on primary cultures of Haliotis tuberculata hemocytes. The results showed high inter-species variability in EC50-values ranging from 43 to 15,600 µg/L for fluoxetine, from 67 to 4,400 µg/L for sertraline, and from 4.70 µg/L to more than 100,000 µg/L for clomipramine. Algae (S. marinoi and P. subcapitata) and the embryo-larval stages of the oyster C. gigas were the most sensitive taxa. This raises an issue due to their ecological and/or economic importance. The marine crustacean A. salina was the least sensitive species. This difference in sensitivity between bioassays highlights the importance of using a test battery.

Complementarity of rarity, specialisation and functional diversity metrics to assess community responses to environmental changes, using an example of spider communities in salt marshes - Leroy, Boris; Le Viol, Isabelle; Petillon, J (Ecological Indicators, 2014)
The study of community responses to environmental changes can be enhanced by the recent development of new metrics useful in applied conservation: relative rarity, ecological specialisation and functional diversity. These different metrics have been critically assessed independently, but are rarely combined in applied conservation studies, especially for less-studied taxa such as arthropods. Here we report how these different metrics can complement each other by using the response of spider communities to environmental changes in salt marshes as an example. Sampling took place using pitfall traps in salt marshes of the Mont St Michel Bay (France) during 2004 and 2007. The sampling design was spatially replicated (3 plots per treatment and 4 traps per plot) and encompassed four habitat treatments: control, sheep grazing, cutting (annual, in summer) and invasion by the plant Elymus athericus. We observed contrasting responses of spider communities to the different treatments: grazing had a negative impact on both rarity and functional diversity but a positive impact on specialisation; cutting had a negative impact on the three metrics; and invasion only had a negative impact on rarity and specialisation. These contrasting responses emphasise the necessity of using different complementary community metrics in such conservation studies. Consequently, rarity-, specialisation-, and functional-based indices should be applied simultaneously more frequently, as they potentially provide additional complementary information about communities. Such complementary information is the key to better-informed conservation choices.
Keywords: Community Specialisation Index; CSI; Cutting; FDiv; Functional divergence; Functional Divergence Index; Grazing; Index of Relative Rarity; IRR; Species Specialisation Index; spiders; SSI

Complex patterns in phytoplankton and microeukaryote diversity along the estuarine continuum - Bazin, Pauline; Fabien Jouenne; Deton-Cabanillas, Anne-Flore; Perez-Ruzafa, Angel; Benoît Véron (Hydrobiologia, 2014)
Keywords: 18S rDNA clone libraries; Diversity; Estuarine gradient; Microeukaryotes; Microscopy; Phytoplankton; semiarid area

Could FaRP-Like Peptides Participate in Regulation of Hyperosmotic Stress Responses in Plants? - Bouteau, Francois; Yann Bassaglia; Monetti, Emanuela; Tran, Daniel; Navet, S; Mancuso, Stefano; El-Maarouf-Bouteau, Hayat; Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli (Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2014)
The ability to respond to hyperosmotic stress is one of the numerous conserved cellular processes that most of the organisms have to face during their life. In metazoans, some peptides belonging to the FMRFamide-like peptide (FLP) family were shown to participate in osmoregulation via regulation of ion channels; this is, a well-known response to hyperosmotic stress in plants. Thus, we explored whether FLPs exist and regulate osmotic stress in plants. First, we demonstrated the response of Arabidopsis thaliana cultured cells to a metazoan FLP (FLRF). We found that A. thaliana express genes that display typical FLP repeated sequences, which end in RF and are surrounded by K or R, which is typical of cleavage sites and suggests bioactivity; however, the terminal G, allowing an amidation process in metazoan, seems to be replaced by W. Using synthetic peptides, we showed that amidation appears unnecessary to bioactivity in A. thaliana, and we provide evidence that these putative FLPs could be involved in physiological processes related to hyperosmotic stress responses in plants, urging further studies on this topic.

Detailed reconstruction of the musculature in Limnognathia maerski (Micrognathozoa) and comparison with other Gnathifera - Bekkouche, Nicolas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M; Hejnol, Andreas; Sørensen, Martin V; Worsaae, Katrine (Frontiers in Zoology, 2014)

Determinación del sexo en arahuana Osteoglossum bicirrhosum mediante la detección de los niveles plasmáticos de vitelogenina - Ramírez-Arrarte, Pedro; Jesus Nuñez-Rodriguez; Chu-Koo, Fred (Ciencia Amazónica, 2014)
Keywords: Arahuana; Sexaje; Vitellogenine

Direct evidence for maternal inheritance of bacterial symbionts in small deep-sea clams (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae). - Szafranski, Kamil M; Sylvie M Gaudron; Sébastien Duperron (Naturwissenschaften, 2014)
Bacterial symbiont transmission is a key step in the renewal of the symbiotic interaction at each host generation, and different modes of transmission can be distinguished. Vesicomyidae are chemosynthetic bivalves from reducing habitats that rely on symbiosis with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, in which two studies suggesting vertical transmission of symbionts have been published, both limited by the imaging techniques used. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that bacterial symbionts of Isorropodon bigoti, a gonochoristic Vesicomyidae from the Guiness cold seep site, occur intracellularly within female gametes at all stages of gametogenesis from germ cells to mature oocytes and in early postlarval stage. Symbionts are completely absent from the male gonad and gametes. This study confirms the transovarial transmission of symbionts in Vesicomyidae and extends it to the smaller species for which no data were previously available.
Keywords: Animals; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Bivalvia; Female; Germ Cells; Gonads; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Oceans and Seas; Symbiosis

Distocyclus guchereauae a new species of Neotropical electric fish, (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae), from French Guiana. - François J Meunier; Philippe Keith; Michel Jégu (Cybium, 2014)
Keywords: Distocyclus guchereauae; French Guiana; Gymnotiformes; New species; Sternopygidae

Diversity of cultivable fungi associated with Antarctic marine sponges and screening for their antimicrobial, antitumoral and antioxidant potential. - Henríquez, Marlene; Vergara, Karen; Norambuena, Javiera; Beiza, Andrea; Maza, Felipe; Ubilla, Pamela; Araya, Ivanna; Chávez, Renato; San-Martín, Aurelio; Darias, José; Darias, Maria; Vaca, Inmaculada (World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2014)
The diversity of sponge-associated fungi has been poorly investigated in remote geographical areas like Antarctica. In this study, 101 phenotypically different fungal isolates were obtained from 11 sponge samples collected in King George Island, Antarctica. The analysis of ITS sequences revealed that they belong to the phylum Ascomycota. Sixty-five isolates belong to the genera Geomyces, Penicillium, Epicoccum, Pseudeurotium, Thelebolus, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Phoma, and Trichocladium but 36 isolates could not be identified at genus level. In order to estimate the potential of these isolates as producers of interesting bioactivities, antimicrobial, antitumoral and antioxidant activities of fungal culture extracts were assayed. Around 51% of the extracts, mainly from the genus Geomyces and non identified relatives, showed antimicrobial activity against some of the bacteria tested. On the other hand, around 42% of the extracts showed potent antitumoral activity, Geomyces sp. having the best performance. Finally, the potential of the isolated fungi as producers of antioxidant activity seems to be moderate. Our results suggest that fungi associated with Antarctic sponges, particularly Geomyces, would be valuable sources of antimicrobial and antitumoral compounds. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the biodiversity and the metabolic potential of fungi associated with Antarctic marine sponges.
Keywords: Animals; Antarctic Regions; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Ascomycota; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Porifera; Sequence Analysis, DNA

Diversity of the RFamide peptide family in mollusks - Céline Zatylny-Gaudin; Pascal Favrel (frontiers in endocrinology, 2014)
Since the initial characterization of the cardioexcitatory peptide FMRFamide in the bivalve mollusk Macrocallista nimbosa, a great number of FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs) have been identified in mollusks. FLPs were initially isolated and molecularly characterized in model mollusks using biochemical methods. The development of recombinant technologies and, more recently, of genomics has boosted knowledge on their diversity in various mollusk classes. Today, mollusk FLPs represent approximately 75 distinct RFamide peptides that appear to result from the expression of only five genes: the FMRFamide-related peptide gene, the LFRFamide gene, the luqin gene, the neuropeptide F gene, and the cholecystokinin/ sulfakinin gene. FLPs display a complex spatiotemporal pattern of expression in the central and peripheral nervous system.Working as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, or neurohormones, FLPs are involved in the control of a great variety of biological and physiological processes including cardiovascular regulation, osmoregulation, reproduction, digestion, and feeding behavior. From an evolutionary viewpoint, the major challenge will then logically concern the elucidation of the FLP repertoire of orphan mollusk classes and the way they are functionally related. In this respect, deciphering FLP signaling pathways by characterizing the specific receptors these peptides bind remains another exciting objective.

Diversity structure of phytoplankton communities and primary productivity in a temperate epicontinental sea - Napoléon, C; Fiant, Liliane; Raimbault, V; Riou, P; Pascal Claquin (Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2014)
The dynamics of the phytoplankton assemblage, the physical, chemical and biological parameters, and primary productivity and production were monitored in the central English Channel along a transect between Ouistreham and Portsmouth from January to December 2010. The spatial patterns of the phytoplankton assemblage were controlled by the hydrological characteristics of the water masses, and the annual structure of the phytoplankton assemblage was characteristic of the central English Channel and was controlled by seasonality. The spring bloom was dominated by a single species, Chaetoceros socialis, and associated with low microphytoplankton evenness and Shannon-Wiener indices, whereas the evenness index was high from late spring to winter and associated with the proliferation of pico- and nanophytoplankton cells. We identified 2 species responsible for harmful algal blooms, Phaeocystis globosa, which dominated the community in the northern part of the Seine Bay in May, and Lepidodinium chlorophorum, which dominated the community near the French coast in September. We examined the relationship between microphytoplankton diversity and maximum primary production and productivity. We found a negative parabolic relationship between the diversity indices (evenness and Shannon-Wiener) and maximum primary production, and a positive parabolic relationship between the number of taxa (richness) and maximum primary production. However, we found no relationship between maximum productivity and the evenness or richness indices. High levels of productivity were measured during the increasing abundance of pico and nanophytoplankton cells, highlighting the importance of taking the dominant functional group into account, rather than the degree of diversity, when explaining the level of productivity.
Keywords: English Channel; Phytoplankton diversity; primary production; Productivity

Dual role of the cuttlefish salivary proteome in defense and predation. - Cornet, Valérie; Joël Henry; Corre, Erwan; Gildas Le Corguille; Zanuttini, Bruno; Céline Zatylny-Gaudin (J Proteomics, 2014)
UNLABELLED: We characterized the proteome of the posterior salivary glands of the cephalopod S. officinalis by combining de novo RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry. In silico analysis of the transcriptome revealed the occurrence of three main categories of proteins: enzymes, immune factors and toxins. Protein identification by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF confirmed the occurrence of proteins essential to venom-like enzymes: peptidase S1 under four isoforms, phospholipase A2 and two toxins. The first toxin is a cystein rich secreted protein (CRISP), a common toxin found in all venomous animals. The second one is cephalotoxin, which is specific to decabrachia cephalopods. Secretions of the posterior salivary glands are transported to the cephalopodium; they are involved in prey catching but also in gamete storage, fertilization and egg-laying. The paralyzing activity and the antimicrobial effect of saliva suggest a dual role in predation and in immune defense in cuttlefish. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The originality of this study lies in the use of a transcriptomic approach (de novo RNA sequencing) coupled to a proteomic approach to get an overview of posterior salivary glands in S. officinalis. In cephalopods, these glands are involved in predation, more precisely in paralyzing preys and digesting them. Our in silico analysis equally reveals a role in immune defense as observed in mammals' saliva. Our study also shows the specificity of cuttlefish venom, with the identification of cephalotoxins, proteins that are not found in octopuses. Finally, we show that cuttlefish saliva is a complex mixture that has antibacterial and crippling properties, but no lethal effect.

The effect of cold stress on the proteome of the marine bacteriumPseudomonas fluorescens BA3SM1 and its ability to copewith metal excess - Isabelle Poirier; Lauriane Kuhn; Christelle Caplat; Philippe Hammann; Martine Bertrand (Aquatic Toxicology, 2014)
This study examined the effect of cold stress on the proteome and metal tolerance of Pseudomonas fluo-rescens BA3SM1, a marine strain isolated from tidal flat sediments. When cold stress (+10◦C for 36 h)was applied before moderate metal stress (0.4 mM Cd, 0.6 mM Cd, 1.5 mM Zn, and 1.5 mM Cu), growthdisturbances induced by metal, in comparison with respective controls, were reduced for Cd and Znwhile they were pronounced for Cu. This marine strain was able to respond to cold stress through a num-ber of changes in protein regulation. Analysis of the predicted differentially expressed protein functionsdemonstrated that some mechanisms developed under cold stress were similar to those developed inresponse to Cd, Zn, and Cu. Therefore, pre-cold stress could help this strain to better counteract toxicityof moderate concentrations of some metals. P. fluorescens BA3SM1 was able to remove up to 404.3 mgCd/g dry weight, 172.5 mg Zn/g dry weight, and 11.3 mg Cu/g dry weight and its metal biosorption abilityseemed to be related to the bacterial growth phase. Thus, P. fluorescens BA3SM1 appears as a promisingagent for bioremediation processes, even at low temperatures.
Keywords: Cold stress; Marine strain; Metal biosorptiona; Proteomics; Pseudomonas fluorescens

The effect of dietary oxidized lipid levels on growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, intestinal lipid deposition and skeletogenesis in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae - Boglino, A; Darias, Maria; Estévez, A; Andree, K B; Sarasquete, Carmen; Ortiz-Delgado, Juan Bosco; Solé, M; Gisbert, E (Aquaculture Nutrition, 2014)
Fish tissues, particularly rich in n-3 PUFA, are prone to lipid peroxidation that can damage cellular membranes, cause severe lesions and subsequently incidences of disease and mortality. However, fish possess antioxidant defences, such as vitamin E (VE) and antioxidant enzymes, to protect them against oxidative damage. This study investigated the effects of an increasing gradient of oxidized dietary lipid on the survival, growth performance, skeletogenesis and antioxidant defensive processes occurring in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae. Four groups of fish were fed live prey enriched with experimental emulsions containing an increasing gradient of oxidized oil: non-oxidized, NO+VE, 34.5 nmol MDA g−1 w.w.; mildly oxidized, MO+VE, 43.1 nmol MDA g−1 w.w.; highly oxidized, HO+VE, 63.3 nmol MDA g−1 w.w. and highly oxidized without VE, HO-VE, 78.8 nmol MDA g−1 w.w. The oxidation levels increased in enriched rotifers following the oxidation gradient of the emulsions, but were not affected in enriched Artemia metanauplii. The oxidation status of Senegalese sole larvae increased during development, but this was not related to the dietary treatments. The increasing dietary oxidation levels did not affect the fatty acid profile, survival, growth performance and metamorphosis processes of sole larvae. Senegalese sole seem to activate antioxidant defence mechanisms in response to the increasing amounts of dietary peroxidized lipids, in a manner efficiently enough to prevent detection of any alterations of these physiological processes. Antioxidant systems and detoxification mechanisms appeared to occur through the consumption of dietary α-tocopherol, the activation of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase) and the retention of oxidized fat in the intestinal enterocytes for detoxification prior to their utilization. However, fish fed the highest oxidized diet presented a reduction in bone mineralization, but lower incidence of deformities in the vertebral and caudal regions than fish fed the other diets. This study exemplifies the importance of rearing Senegalese sole larvae on non-oxidized diets during the early larval development to avoid detrimental consequences in older fish, most notably in the process of skeletogenesis.
Keywords: antioxidant enzymes; lipid peroxidation; live prey enrichment; skeletogenesis; Solea senegalensis larvae; vitamin E

The effect of different polychlorinated biphenyls on two aquatic models, the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the haemocytes from the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata. - Halm-Lemeille, Marie-Pierre; Abbaszadeh Fard, Elham; Latire, T; Ferard, Jean-François; Katherine Costil; Jean-Marc Lebel; Bureau, Ronan; Antoine Serpentini (Chemosphere, 2014)
The present study was conducted to determine the toxicity of different polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the haemocytes from the European abalone, Haliotis tuberculata. Using the algal growth inhibition test, the green algae median Effective Concentration (EC50) values ranged from 0.34μM for PCB28 to more than 100μM for PCBs 101 and 153. Considering the MTT viability test, the abalone EC50 values ranged from 1.67μM for PCB153 to 89μM for PCB28. Our results in contrast to previous observation in vertebrates did not show significant differences between the dioxin like- and non dioxin like-PCBs toxicities regardless of the model used. However, our results demonstrated that the toxicities of PCBs were species dependent. For example, PCB28 was the most toxic compound for P. subcapitata whereas PCBs 1, 180 and 153 were less toxic for that species. On the contrary, PCB153 was reported as the most toxic for H. tuberculata haemocytes and PCB28 the least toxic. To investigate the mode of action of these compounds, we used an in silico method. Our results suggested that PCBs have a non-specific mode of action (e.g., narcosis) on green algae, and another mode of action, probably more specific than narcosis, was reported for PCBs on the abalone haemocytes.
Keywords: Animals; Chlorophyta; Environmental Pollutants; Gastropoda; Hemocytes; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

Effects of acute exposures to mecoprop, mecoprop-p and their biodegradation product (2-MCP) on the larval stages of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. - Mottier, A; Kientz-Bouchart, Valérie; Dubreule, Christelle; Antoine Serpentini; Jean-Marc Lebel; Katherine Costil (Aquat Toxicol, 2014)
Studies have shown that pesticides are sometimes detected at rather high levels in seawater and it has been suggested that these chemical compounds could act as additional stress factor for oysters cultured in coastal environments. The effects of pesticides on marine molluscs could be particularly harmful in the early stages which correspond to critical life stages. This study aimed to assess the effects of mecoprop, mecoprop-p and their degradation compound 2-methyl-4-chlorophenol on two larval stages of Crassostrea gigas. Embryotoxic effects were assessed on veliger larvae after 36 h exposures, and both percentages of normal larvae and types of abnormalities were taken into account. The effects of the three substances were evaluated on 21-day-old pediveliger larvae by calculating metamorphosis rates after 24h exposures. The results of the embryotoxicity assay indicated that 2-methyl-4-chlorophenol was more toxic (EC50: 10.81 mg L(-1)) than its parent compounds (EC50 mecoprop: 42.55 mg L(-1); EC50 mecoprop-p: 78.85 mg L(-1)). Mecoprop in particular injured shell formation with an increase of shell abnormalities following herbicide concentrations. The active substances were not toxic to metamorphosis processes, but 2-MCP was revealed to be more toxic to the success of metamorphosis (EC50: 7.20 mg L(-1)) than to embryo-larval development. However, the toxic concentrations were several orders of magnitude higher than environmental concentrations.
Keywords: 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid; Animals; Chlorophenols; Crassostrea; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Larva; Metamorphosis, Biological; Water Pollutants, Chemical

Effects of CO2, nutrients and light on coastal plankton: II. Metabolic rates. Aquatic Biology - Mercado, J. M.; Sobrino, C; Neale, P.J.; Segovia, M.; Reul, A.; Amorim, A.L.; Carrillo, P; Pascal Claquin; Cabrerizo, M.J; León, P.; Lorenzo, M.R; Medina, J. M.; et al. (Aquatic Biology, 2014)
We conducted a microcosm experiment aimed at studying the interactive effects of high CO2, nutrient loading and irradiance on the metabolism of a planktonic community sampled in the Western Mediterranean near the coast of Málaga. Changes in the metabolism of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton were observed for 7 d under 8 treatment conditions, representing the full factorial combinations of 2 levels each of CO2, nutrient concentration and solar radiation exposure. The initial plankton sample was collected at the surface from a stratified water column, indicating that phytoplankton were naturally acclimated to high irradiance and low nutrient concentrations. Nutrient addition combined with high irradiance resulted in a significant increase in primary production. Nitrate uptake by phytoplankton was also stimulated under high nutrient conditions. High nutrients, high irradiance and the combination of low CO2 and high irradiance positively affected bacterial production. Light was the main factor affecting the respiration rates of the community, which were higher at the high light level. After 7 d of incubation, nutrient loading was the only factor that significantly affected the amount of particulate organic carbon (POC) accumulated in the microcosms. Therefore, the changes in metabolic rates produced at high CO2 had no effect on net production of particulate organic matter. If these results are extrapolated to the natural environment, it could be hypothesized that high levels of CO2 will have a limited impact on biological pump activity in the northern Alboran Sea since it is assumed that POC export towards deeper layers determines the potential for carbon sequestration.

The effects of dietary arachidonic acid on bone in flatfish larvae: the last but not the least of the essential fatty acids - Boglino, A; Darias, Maria; Andree, K B; Estévez, A; Gisbert, E (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2014)
Flatfish can provide a reliable model to study developmental disorders in bone tissues occurring during morphogenesis in response to nutritional imbalances. To date, most studies dealing with the effect of dietary essential fatty acids (EFA) on skeletogenesis in fish have focused their investigation on the role of docohexanoic (22:6n−3, DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5n–3, EPA) acids, but only a few have focused on investigating the effects of arachidonic acid (20:4n–6, ARA) on bone during fish larval development. Bone development and composition at larval stage have been demonstrated to be highly sensitive to dietary levels of EFA, in particular the EPA and ARA acids, both precursors for highly bioactive eicosanoids presenting opposite effects on bone metabolism. Since fish are not able to synthesize EFA, they need to obtain them from the diet. However, dietary imbalances in EPA and ARA in flatfish larvae may disrupt bone formation and osteoblast differentiation in skeletal tissues, leading to the incidence of skeletal deformities, reduced mineralization and problems of bone remodelling in the cranial region associated with impaired eye migration. These anomalies in skeletal structures are one of the most important factors that affect flatfish larval quality and hamper their production. Thus, we have reviewed the current state of knowledge about the effects of dietary ARA contents on skeletogenesis in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis), one of the main flatfish species cultured in Europe. Their larval quality still suffers for a high incidence of skeletal anomalies induced by dietary imbalances during metamorphosis.

The effects of dietary arachidonic acid on Senegalese sole morphogenesis: A synthesis of recent findings - Boglino, A; Wishkerman, A; Darias, Maria; de la Iglesia, P; Estévez, A; Andree, K B; Gisbert, E (Aquaculture, 2014)
Abstract In this study we evaluated the effects of high dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) levels on prostaglandin \{E2\} (PGE2) and \{E3\} (PGE3) production and their effect on two morphogenetic processes occurring during metamorphosis: the establishment of the juvenile pigmentation pattern and eye migration and remodeling of cranial bones. In this sense, Senegalese sole larvae were fed from 2 to 50 days post-hatch (dph) with live prey enriched with an experimental emulsion containing high levels of \{ARA\} (ARA-H; 10.2 and 7.1% \{TFA\} in enriched rotifer and Artemia, respectively) versus a reference commercial enriching product (Algamac 3050®, AGM; 1.0 and 1.4% \{TFA\} in enriched rotifer and Artemia, respectively). High dietary \{ARA\} levels did not affect larval growth performance at 50 dph, but significantly induced malpigmentation (81.4 ± 7.5%, versus 0.9 ± 0.3% in larvae fed the \{AGM\} diet). This malpigmentation was linked to the higher prostaglandin \{E2\} (PGE2) levels observed in pseudo-albino fish as compared to normally pigmented individuals. The \{PGE2\} levels were higher in normally pigmented specimens fed the ARA-H diet than in those fed the \{AGM\} diet. The effects of \{ARA\} on normally pigmented fish fed the \{AGM\} diet and pseudo-albino specimens fed the ARA-H diet were evaluated by means of the density of melanophores and the texture and image segmentation analyses in the dorsal skin of post-metamorphic fish. The skin of pseudo-albino specimens had a more uniform and homogeneous melanophore pattern than normally pigmented fish. Melanophores in pseudo-albino specimens were less abundant and not so aggregated in patches as they were in normally pigmented ones, whereas their shape differed (round vs. dendritic) suggesting their inability to disperse melanin. In addition, fish fed the ARA-H diet presented a higher percentage of cranial deformities (95.1 ± 1.5%) than those fed the control diet (1.9 ± 1.9%) that was significantly and negatively correlated with the incidence of normally-pigmented animals (R2 = − 0.88, P < 0.001). Cranial deformities in pseudo-albino fish were associated with an impaired migration of the eye from the ocular side (the right eye), whereas the left eye migrated from the blind side into the ocular side almost normally. The effects of high dietary \{ARA\} levels in the eye migration and cranial bone remodeling processes in post-metamorphic larvae were evaluated by means of the staining of cranial skeletal elements. Pseudo-albino fish showed higher interocular distance and head height than normally pigmented individuals, a different disposition of the eyes with regard to the vertebral column and mouth axes, and a distinct osteological development of some skeletal structures from the neuro- and splanchnocranium, in relation to high dietary \{ARA\} contents and high \{PGE2\} production. These results brought new information about possible nutritional forcing factors and physiological mechanisms of pigmentary disorders and impaired eye migration, which are current major bottlenecks in flatfish aquaculture.
Keywords: Skeletal deformities

The effects of pool sediments on the egg morphology of Neotropical Eulimnadia (Branchiopoda: Limnadiidae) - Nicolas Rabet; D Montero; Sebastien Lacau (Journal of limnology, 2014)

The effects of pool sediments on the egg morphology of Neotropical Eulimnadia (Branchiopoda: Limnadiidae) - Nicolas Rabet; D Montero; Sebastien Lacau (Journal of limnology, 2014)

Emergence of sensory structures in the developing epidermis in sepia officinalis and other coleoid cephalopods. - Buresi, Auxane; Croll, Roger P; Tiozzo, Stefano; Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli; Sébastien Baratte (J Comp Neurol, 2014)
Embryonic cuttlefish can first respond to a variety of sensory stimuli during early development in the egg capsule. To examine the neural basis of this ability, we investigated the emergence of sensory structures within the developing epidermis. We show that the skin facing the outer environment (not the skin lining the mantle cavity, for example) is derived from embryonic domains expressing the Sepia officinalis ortholog of pax3/7, a gene involved in epidermis specification in vertebrates. On the head, they are confined to discrete brachial regions referred to as "arm pillars" that expand and cover Sof-pax3/7-negative head ectodermal tissues. As revealed by the expression of the S. officinalis ortholog of elav1, an early marker of neural differentiation, the olfactory organs first differentiate at about stage 16 within Sof-pax3/7-negative ectodermal regions before they are covered by the definitive Sof-pax3/7-positive outer epithelium. In contrast, the eight mechanosensory lateral lines running over the head surface and the numerous other putative sensory cells in the epidermis, differentiate in the Sof-pax3/7-positive tissues at stages ∼24-25, after they have extended over the entire outer surfaces of the head and arms. Locations and morphologies of the various sensory cells in the olfactory organs and skin were examined using antibodies against acetylated tubulin during the development of S. officinalis and were compared with those in hatchlings of two other cephalopod species. The early differentiation of olfactory structures and the peculiar development of the epidermis with its sensory cells provide new perspectives for comparisons of developmental processes among molluscs.

Epigenetic features in the oyster Crassostrea gigas suggestive of functionally relevant promoter DNA methylation in invertebrates. - Guillaume Rivière (Frontiers in Physiology, 2014)
DNA methylation is evolutionarily conserved. Vertebrates exhibit high, widespread DNA methylation whereas invertebrate genomes are less methylated, predominantly within gene bodies. DNA methylation in invertebrates is associated with transcription level, alternative splicing and genome evolution, but functional outcomes of DNA methylation remain poorly described in lophotrochozoans. Recent genome-wide approaches improve understanding in distant taxa such as molluscs, where the phylogenetic position and life traits of Crassostrea gigas make this bivalve an ideal model to study the physiological and evolutionary implications of DNA methylation. We review the literature about DNA methylation in invertebrates and focus on DNA methylation features in the oyster. Indeed, though our MeDIP-seq results confirm predominant intragenic methylation, the profiles depend on the oyster’s developmental and reproductive stage. We discuss the perspective that oyster DNA methylation could be biased toward the 5’-end of some genes, depending on physiological status, suggesting important functional outcomes of putative promoter methylation from cell differentiation during early development to sustained adaptation of the species to the environment.

Estimating how many undescribed species have gone extinct. - Pablo Tedesco; Rémy Bigorne; Bogan, Arthur; Giam, Xingli; Jézéquel, Céline; Bernard Hugueny (Conserv Biol, 2014)
Because both descriptions of species and modern human-driven extinctions started around the same time (i.e., eighteenth century), a logical expectation is that a large proportion of species may have gone extinct without ever having been recorded. Despite this evident and widely recognized assumption, the loss of undescribed species has never been estimated. We quantified this loss for several taxonomic groups and regions for which undescribed species extinctions are likely to have occurred. Across a wide range of taxonomic groups, we applied known extinction rates computed from recorded species losses to assumed exponential decay in the proportion of species remaining undiscovered. Because all previous modeling attempts to project total species richness implicitly assumed that undescribed species extinctions could be neglected, we also evaluated the effect of neglecting them. Finally, because we assumed constant description and extinction probabilities, we applied our model to simulated data that did not conform to this assumption. Actual species losses were severely underestimated by considering only known species extinctions. According to our estimates, the proportion of undiscovered extinct species over all extinctions ranged from 0.15 to 0.59, depending on the taxonomic group and the region considered. This means that recent extinctions may be up to twice as large as the number recorded. When species differed in their extinction or description probabilities, our model underestimated extinctions of undescribed species by up to 20%.

European Sea bass larval culture. - Gisbert, E; Fernández, Ignacio; Villamizar, N; Darias, Maria; Zambonino-Infante, J; Estévez, A (Biology of European Seabass., 2014)

Evolution of Vacuolar Pyrophosphatases and Vacuolar H+-Atpases in Diatoms - Adrien Bussard; Pascal Jean Lopez (Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 2014)
To cope with changing environments and maintain optimal metabolic conditions, the control of the intracellular proton gradients has to be tightly regulated. Among the important proton pumps, vacuolar H^+-ATPases (V-ATPases) and H^+-translocating pyrophosphatases (H^+-PPases) were found to be involved in a number of physiological processes, and shown to be regulated at the expression level and to exhibit specific sub-cellular localizations. Studies of the role of these transporters are relatively scarce in algae and nearly absent in diatoms. Phylogenetic analyses disclose that diatoms, with both K^+-dependent and K^+-independent membrane integral pyrophosphatases, including proteins with high homology with a novel class of Na^+,H^+-PPases. Analyses of Phaeodactylum tricornutum EST libraries show that the gene putatively encoding a Na^+,H^+-PPase is over-expressed in urea adapted condition. Genome-wide investigations of the reservoir of V-ATPases encoding subunits demonstrate that diatoms display an expended number of genes encoding for the proteolipid subunits c of the V0 subcomplex. Preliminary localization studies show that one of V0-c subunits is associated to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in P. tricornutum. Altogether our data highlight that the combination of comparative and functional genomic approaches reach promises to provide new information to the roles of membrane proton pumps in diatoms.
Keywords: Algae; endoplasmic reticulum; H^+-PPases; V-ATPases; vacuole

Fish-AMAZBOL: a database on freshwater fishes of the Bolivian Amazon - Carvajal-Vallejos, F M; Rémy Bigorne; Zeballos Fernandez, América J.; Sarmiento, Jaime; Barrera Soraya; Yunoki, T; Marc Pouilly; Zubieta José; De La Barra, Evans; Michel Jégu; Maldonado, Mabel; Van Damme, Paul; et al. (Hyrobiologia, 2014)
The Bolivian part of the Amazon Basin contains a mega diverse and well-preserved fish fauna. Since the last decade, this fish fauna has received an increasing attention from scientists and the national authorities as fishes represent one of the most important sources of proteins for local human communities. However, this fish fauna still remains poorly documented. Here, we present a database for fishes from the Bolivian Amazon. To build the database, we conducted an extensive literature survey of native and non-native (exotic) fishes inhabiting all major sub-drainages of the Bolivian Amazon. The database, named Fish-AMAZBOL, contains species lists for 13 Amazonian hydrological units, covering 100% of the Bolivian Amazon and approximately 65% (722,137 km2) of the all territory. Fish-AMAZBOL includes 802 valid species, 12 of them being non-native, that have been checked for systematic reliability and consistency. To put this number in perspective, this represents around 14% of the all Neotropical ichthyofauna and around 6% of all strictly freshwater fishes inhabiting the planet. This database is currently the most comprehensive database of native and non-native fish species richness available so far for the Bolivian Amazon.
Keywords: Amazon River basin; Bolivia; Checklist; Freshwater fishes; Madera River; South America

Forecasted climate and land use changes, and protected areas: the contrasting case of spiders - Leroy, Boris; Bellard, Céline; Dubos, Nicolas; Colliot, Arthur; Vasseur, Manon; Courtial, Cyril; Bakkenes, Michel; Canard, A; Frédéric Ysnel (Diversity and Distributions, 2014)
Keywords: Arthropods; ensemble forecast; global changes; species distribution models; threatened species; uncertainty

Functional characterization of a short neuropeptide F-related receptor in a lophotrochozoan, the mollusk Crassostrea gigas. - Bigot, Laetitia; Beets, Isabel; Marie-Pierre Dubos; Boudry, Pierre; Schoofs, Liliane; Pascal Favrel (J Exp Biol, 2014)
Members of the short neuropeptide F (sNPF) family of peptides and their cognate receptors play key roles in a variety of physiological processes in arthropods. In silico screening of GigasDatabase, a specific expressed sequence tag database from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, resulted in the identification of a receptor (Cg-sNPFR-like) phylogenetically closely related to sNPF receptors (sNPFRs) of insects. A reverse endocrinology approach was undertaken to identify the peptide ligand(s) of this orphan receptor. Though structurally distinct from insect sNPFs, three RFamide peptides derived from the same precursor, i.e. GSLFRFamide, SSLFRFamide and GALFRFamide, specifically activate the receptor in a dose-dependent manner, with respective EC50 values (half-maximal effective concentrations) of 1.1, 2.1 and 4.1 μmol l(-1). We found that both Cg-sNPFR-like receptor and LFRFamide encoding transcripts are expressed in the oyster central nervous system and in other tissues as well, albeit at lower levels. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the wide distribution of LFRFamide mature peptides in several central and peripheral tissues. The Cg-sNPFR-like receptor was more abundantly expressed in ganglia of females than of males, and upregulated in starved oysters. In the gonad area, highest receptor gene expression occurred at the start of gametogenesis, when storage activity is maximal. Our results suggest that signaling of LFRFamide peptides through the Cg-sNPFR-like receptor might play a role in the coordination of nutrition, energy storage and metabolism in C. gigas, possibly by promoting storage at the expense of reproduction.

G2Sd: a new R package for the statistical analysis of unconsolidated sediments - Jérôme Fournier; Régis K. Gallon; Raphael Paris (Géomorphologie: relief, processus, environnement, 2014)
Modern depositional environment are mainly investigated in terms of internal sedimentary structures and associated grain-size characteristics. The latter are an intrinsic feature of sediments and hence essential for quantitative descriptions. It is therefore useful to have a tool available which allows direct and rapid calculation of numerous statistical parameters for a large number of samples. The G2Sd package gives full descriptive statistics and a physical description of sediments based on grain-size distributions derived from sieve analyses using a decadic log-transformation of the millimeter scale. Statistics are calculated either by using arithmetic and geometric methods of moments, or the graphic procedure of R.L. Folk and W.C. Ward (1957) to calculate mean grain-size, standard-deviation, skewness, and kurtosis based on the binary log-transformation of the mm scale. Numerical results are thus provided both in metric and phi units. The mode can be determined graphically by the user. Several percentiles and two common indices are calculated: D10, D50, D90, D90/D10, D90-D10, D75/D25, D75-D25, Trask Index (So) and Krumbein Index (Qd). A physical description of texture, sorting, skewness and kurtosis parameters is provided, based on the sediment nomenclature described in R.L. Folk (1966). The weight percentage of particles falling into each predefined size fraction is also included in the results. This package runs within the CRAN R-project.

Genetic structure in the Amazonian catfish Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii: influence of life history strategies. - Carvajal-Vallejos, F M; Fabrice Duponchelle; Desmarais, E; Cerqueira, F; Sophie Quérouil; Jesus Nuñez-Rodriguez; García, C; Renno, J-F (Genetica, 2014)
The Dorado or Plateado (Gilded catfish) Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Pimelodidae, Siluriformes) is a commercially valuable migratory catfish performing the largest migration in freshwaters: from the Amazonian headwaters in the Andean foothills (breeding area) to the Amazon estuary (nursery area). In spite of its importance to inform management and conservation efforts, the genetic variability of this species has only recently begun to be studied. The aim of the present work was to determine the population genetic structure of B. rousseauxii in two regions: the Upper Madera Basin (five locations in the Bolivian Amazon) and the Western Amazon Basin (one regional sample from the Uyucalí-Napo-Marañon-Amazon basin, Peru). Length polymorphism at nine microsatellite loci (284 individuals) was used to determine genetic variability and to identify the most probable panmictic units (using a Bayesian approach), after a significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed in the overall dataset (Western Amazon + Upper Madera). Bayesian analyses revealed at least three clusters in admixture in the five locations sampled in the Bolivian Amazon, whereas only two of these clusters were observed in the Western Amazon. Considering the migratory behaviour of B. rousseauxii, different life history strategies, including homing, are proposed to explain the cluster distribution. Our results are discussed in the light of the numerous threats to the species survival in the Madera basin, in particular dam and reservoir construction.

Geographical origin of Amazonian freshwater fishes fingerprinted by ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios on fish otoliths and scales. - Marc Pouilly; Point, David; Sondag, Francis; Henry, Manuel; Santos, Roberto V (Environ Sci Technol, 2014)
Calcified structures such as otoliths and scales grow continuously throughout the lifetime of fishes. The geochemical variations present in these biogenic structures are particularly relevant for studying fish migration and origin. In order to investigate the potential of the (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratio as a precise biogeochemical tag in Amazonian fishes, we compared this ratio between the water and fish otoliths and scales of two commercial fish species, Hoplias malabaricus and Schizodon fasciatus, from three major drainage basins of the Amazon: the Madeira, Solimões, and Tapajós rivers, displaying contrasted (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios. A comparison of the (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios between the otoliths and scales of the same individuals revealed similar values and were very close to the Sr isotopic composition of the local river where they were captured. This indicates, first, the absence of Sr isotopic fractionation during biological uptake and incorporation into calcified structures and, second, that scales may represent an interesting nonlethal alternative for (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratio measurements in comparison to otoliths. Considering the wide range of (87)Sr/(86)Sr variations that exist across Amazonian rivers, we used variations of (87)Sr/(86)Sr to discriminate fish origin at the basin level, as well as at the sub-basin level between the river and savannah lakes of the Beni River (Madeira basin).

Global imprint of historical connectivity on freshwater fish biodiversity. - Dias, Murilo S; Thierry Oberdorff; Bernard Hugueny; Leprieur, Fabien; Jézéquel, Céline; Cornu, Jean-François; Brosse, Sébastien; Grenouillet, Gael; Pablo Tedesco (Ecol Lett, 2014)
The relative importance of contemporary and historical processes is central for understanding biodiversity patterns. While several studies show that past conditions can partly explain the current biodiversity patterns, the role of history remains elusive. We reconstructed palaeo-drainage basins under lower sea level conditions (Last Glacial Maximum) to test whether the historical connectivity between basins left an imprint on the global patterns of freshwater fish biodiversity. After controlling for contemporary and past environmental conditions, we found that palaeo-connected basins displayed greater species richness but lower levels of endemism and beta diversity than did palaeo-disconnected basins. Palaeo-connected basins exhibited shallower distance decay of compositional similarity, suggesting that palaeo-river connections favoured the exchange of fish species. Finally, we found that a longer period of palaeo-connection resulted in lower levels of beta diversity. These findings reveal the first unambiguous results of the role played by history in explaining the global contemporary patterns of biodiversity.
Keywords: Animals; Biodiversity; Environment; Fishes; Fresh Water; Models, Biological

Ground-dwelling arthropod community across braided landscape mosaics: a Mediterraen perspective - Datry, Thibault; Corti, Roland; Belletti, Barbara; Piégay, Hervé (Freshwater Biology, 2014)
Keywords: beta-diversity; chronosequence; floodplain; Lycosidae; natural flow regime

Hemocyte morphology and phagocytic activity in the common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). - Le Pabic, C; Goux, Didier; Guillamin, Maryline; Safi, Georges; Jean-Marc Lebel; Siméoni Koueta-Noussithé; Antoine Serpentini (Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2014)
Little is known about the immune system of cephalopods, in spite of their many highly derived characters within the molluscan clade, including a vertebrate-like high-pressure closed circulatory system. Further the economic importance of cephalopod fisheries, potential for aquaculture, and use as ecotoxicology models demand a thorough understanding of their immune system. In this study, we present a comprehensive characterization of hemocytes in the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Cytological stainings, electron microscopy- and flow cytometry-observations highlight a single granulocyte population with various densities of eosinophilic granules and unstained vesicles. These hemocytes contain acid phosphatase-, lysozyme- and proPO system enzymes, and have high activity in bead phagocytosis assays. Interestingly, bead pre-incubation in plasma results in time-dependent aggregation perhaps resulting from hemocyanin-coating, and decrease in phagocytosis. This study provides the basis for understanding hemocyte-mediated immunity in the common cuttlefish, and essential background for future studies on cephalopod immunity.

Histological development of the digestive system of the Amazonian pimelodid catfish Pseudoplatystoma punctifer. - Gisbert, E; Moreira, C; Castro-Ruiz, D; Oztürk, S; Fernández, C; Gilles, S; Jesus Nuñez-Rodriguez; Fabrice Duponchelle; Salvador Tello; Renno, J F; García-Dávila, C; Darias, Maria (Animal, 2014)
The organogenesis of the digestive system was described in the Amazonian pimelodid catfish species Pseudoplatystoma punctifer from hatching (3.5 mm total length, TL) to 41 days post-fertilization (dpf) (58.1 mm TL) reared at 28°C. Newly hatched larvae showed a simple digestive tract, which appeared as a straight undifferentiated and unfolded tube lined by a single layer of columnar epithelial cells (future enterocytes). During the endogenous feeding period, comprised between 20 and 96 h post-fertilization (3.5 to 6.1 mm TL), the larval digestive system experienced a fast transformation with the almost complete development and differentiation of most of digestive organs (buccopahrynx, oesophagus, intestine, liver and exocrine pancreas). Yolk reserves were not completely depleted at the onset of exogenous feeding (4 dpf, 6.1 mm TL), and a period of mixed nutrition was observed up to 6 to 7 dpf (6.8 to 7.3 mm TL) when yolk was definitively exhausted. The stomach was the organ that latest achieved its complete differentiation, characterized by the development of abundant gastric glands in the fundic stomach between 10 and 15 dpf (10.9 to 15.8 mm TL) and the formation of the pyloric sphincter at the junction of the pyloric stomach and the anterior intestine at 15 dpf (15.8 mm TL). The above-mentioned morphological and histological features observed suggested the achievement of a digestive system characteristic of P. punctifer juveniles and adults. The ontogeny of the digestive system in P. punctifer followed the same general pattern as in most Siluriform species so far, although some species-specific differences in the timing of differentiation of several digestive structures were noted, which might be related to different reproductive guilds, egg and larval size or even different larval rearing practices. According to present findings on the histological development of the digestive system in P. punctifer, some recommendations regarding the rearing practices of this species are also provided in order to improve the actual larval rearing techniques of this fast-growing Neotropical catfish species.

Historical assemblage distinctiveness and the introduction of widespread non-native species explain worldwide change in freshwater fish taxonomic dissimilarity - A. Toussaint; O. Beauchard; Thierry Oberdorff; S. Brosse; S. Villéger (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2014)

Historical assemblage distinctiveness and the introduction of widespread non-native species explain worldwide change in freshwater fish taxonomic dissimilarity - A. Toussaint; O. Beauchard; Thierry Oberdorff; S. Brosse (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2014)

How does the resuspension of the biofilm alter the functioning of the benthos–pelagos coupled food web of a bare mudflat in Marennes-Oléron Bay (NE Atlantic)? - Saint-Béat, B; Christine Dupuy; Agogue, Helene; Alexandre Carpentier; Chalumeau, J; Como, Serena; David, Valérie; Margot de Crignis; Duchêne, J C; Fontaine, C; others (Journal of sea research, 2014)

In vitro effect of five pharmaceuticals on the viability of the European abalone hemocytes, Haliotis tuberculata - Letullier, Amandine; Minguez, Laetitia; Katherine Costil; Halm-Lemeille, Marie-Pierre; Jean-Marc Lebel; Antoine Serpentini (J xenobiotics, 2014)
Keywords: cell viability; Haliotis tuberculata; hemocyte; in vitro; pharmaceuticals

An integrated closed system for fish-plankton aquaculture in Amazonian fresh water. - Gilles, S; Ismiño, R; Sánchez, H; Frank David; Jesus Nuñez-Rodriguez; Dugué, R; Darias, Maria; Römer, U (Animal, 2014)
A prototype of an integrated closed system for fish-plankton aquaculture was developed in Iquitos (Peruvian Amazonia) in order to cultivate the Tiger Catfish, Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Castelnau, 1855). This freshwater recirculating system consisted of two linked sewage tanks with an intensive rearing unit (a cage) for P. punctifer placed in the first, and with a fish-plankton trophic chain replacing the filters commonly used in clear water closed systems. Detritivorous and zooplanktivorous fishes (Loricariidae and Cichlidae), maintained without external feeding in the sewage volume, mineralized organic matter and permitted the stabilization of the phytoplankton biomass. Water exchange and organic waste discharge were not necessary. In this paper we describe the processes undertaken to equilibrate this ecosystem: first the elimination of an un-adapted spiny alga, Golenkinia sp., whose proliferation was favored by the presence of a small rotifer, Trichocerca sp., and second the control of this rotifer proliferation via the introduction of two cichlid species, Acaronia nassa Heckel, 1840 and Satanoperca jurupari Heckel, 1840, in the sewage part. This favored some development of the green algae Nannochloris sp. and Chlorella sp. At that time we took the opportunity to begin a 3-month rearing test of P. punctifer. The mean specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of P. punctifer were 1.43 and 1.27, respectively, and the global FCR, including fish in the sewage part, was 1.08. This system has proven to be suitable for growing P. punctifer juveniles out to adult, and provides several practical advantages compared with traditional recirculating clear water systems, which use a combination of mechanical and biological filters and require periodic waste removal, leading to water and organic matter losses.

Interacting Regional Scale Regime Shifts for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services - P. Leadley; V. Proença; Juan F. Fernández-Manjarrés; H.M. Pereira; R. Alkemade; R. Biggs; E. Bruley; W. Cheung; D. Cooper; J. Figueiredo; E. Gilman; S. Guénette; et al. (BioScience, 2014)

Interactive effects of irradiance and temperature on growth and domoic acid production of the toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Bacillariophyceae) - Thorel, Maxine; Juliette Fauchot; Morelle, Jérôme; Raimbault, V; Le Rou, B; Miossec, C; Kientz-Bouchard, V; Pascal Claquin (Harmful Algae, 2014)
The influence of temperature and light on the growth, physiology and domoic acid (DA) production of the pennate toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis isolated from the English Channel was studied in semicontinuous culture. The effects of eight irradiances (35–400 mmol photons m2 s-1) and a temperature gradient (3.5–25.5 8C) were investigated. The highest growth rates (0.47–0.83 d-1) were observed between 18.6 and 13.5 8C, with an optimum irradiance for growth at 100 mmol photons m2 s-1. A decrease in the optimum growth temperature was observed with an increase in irradiance. Cell chlorophyll a content decreased at both low and high extreme temperatures and high irradiances. Stable and high values of Fv/Fm ratios below 21.8C highlight the great acclimation capacity of P. australis, which may explain its wide biogeographic distribution. The strain studied produced DA without nutrient limitation and during exponential growth although at lower levels than in other studies (0.15– 2.0 pg DA cell-1). Results underline the importance of light–temperature interactions for growth and DA production. Toxin production increased with increasing temperature and light, and DA production increased exponentially with the growth rate. These results show that DA is not only produced under nutrient stress or by unhealthy cells in P. australis. This study underlines the need to take the ability of P. australis to produce DA during the exponential growth into consideration to understand the link between toxin production and bloom dynamics. These results will not only help explore the processes involved, but also help parameterize future models of growth and DA production especially for P. australis.
Keywords: Domoic acid; Growth Irradiance; Pseudo-nitzschia australis; Temperature

Intra- and inter-specific variation in size and habitus of two sibling spider species (Araneae: Lycosidae): taxonomic and biogeographic insights from sampling across Europe - Puzin, C; Leroy, Boris; Petillon, J (Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014)

The IPOCAMP pressure incubator for deep-sea fauna - Bruce Shillito; Françoise Gaill; Juliette Ravaux (J Mar Sci Technol, 2014)

Irreplaceable area extends marine conservation hotspot off Tunisia: insights from GPS-tracking Scopoli’s shearwaters from the largest seabird colony in the Mediterranean - Grémillet, David; Clara Péron; Pons, Jean-Baptiste; Ouni, Rhida; Authier, Matthieu; Thévenet, Matthieu; Fort, Jérôme (Marine biology, 2014)

The Jumonji gene family in Crassostrea gigas suggests evolutionary conservation of Jmj-C histone demethylases orthologues in the oyster gametogenesis and development. - Alexandre Fellous; Pascal Favrel; Guo, Ximing; Guillaume Rivière (Gene, 2014)
Jumonji (Jmj) proteins are histone demethylases, which control the identity of stem cells. Jmj genes were characterized from plants to mammals where they have been implicated in the epigenetic regulation of development. Despite the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas representing one of the most important aquaculture resources worldwide, the molecular mechanisms governing the embryogenesis and reproduction of this lophotrochozoan species remain poorly understood. However, annotations in the C. gigas EST library suggested the presence of putative Jumonji genes, raising the question of the conservation of this family of histone demethylases in the oyster. Using Primer walking, 5'-RACE PCR and in silico analyses, we characterized nine Jumonji orthologues in the oyster, called Cg-Jmj, bearing conserved domains critical for putative histone demethylase activity. Phylogenic analyses revealed that oyster Jumonji cluster into two distinct groups: 'single-domain Jmj' and 'multi-domain Jmj', and define 8 subgroups corresponding to each cognate orthologues in metazoans. RT-qPCR investigations showed specific regulations of Cg-Jmj mRNAs during the early development and along the reproduction cycle. Furthermore, in situ and in toto hybridizations indicate that oyster Jumonji genes are transcribed mostly within the gonad in adult oysters whereas they display a ubiquitous expression during embryonic and larval development. Our study demonstrates the presence of nine Jumonji orthologues in the oyster C. gigas. Their domain conservation and their expression profile suggest an implication during reproduction and development, questioning about the epigenetic regulation by histone methylation in lophotrochozoans.
Keywords: Animals; Base Sequence; Conserved Sequence; Crassostrea; Evolution, Molecular; Gametogenesis; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases; Molecular Sequence Data; Multigene Family; RNA, Messenger

Large and local-scale influences on physical and chemical characteristics of coastal waters of Western Europe during winter - Paul Tréguer; Goberville, Eric; Barrier, Nicolas; Stéphane L'Helguen; Morin, Pascal; Bozec, Yann; Rimmelin-Maury, Peggy; Czamanski, Marie; Emilie Grossteffan; Cariou, Thierry; Répécaud, Michel; Quéméner, Loic (Journal of Marine Systems, 2014)
There is now a strong scientific consensus that coastal marine systems of Western Europe are highly sensitive to the combined effects of natural climate variability and anthropogenic climate change. However, it still remains challenging to assess the spatial and temporal scales at which climate influence operates. While large-scale hydro-climatic indices, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) or the East Atlantic Pattern (EAP) and the weather regimes such as the Atlantic Ridge (AR), are known to be relevant predictors of physical processes, changes in coastal waters can also be related to local hydro-meteorological and geochemical forcing. Here, we study the temporal variability of physical and chemical characteristics of coastal waters located at about 48°N over the period 1998-2013 using (1) sea surface temperature, (2) sea surface salinity and (3) nutrient concentration observations for two coastal sites located at the outlet of the Bay of Brest and off Roscoff, (4) river discharges of the major tributaries close to these two sites and (5) regional and local precipitation data over the region of interest. Focusing on the winter months, we characterize the physical and chemical variability of these coastal waters and document changes in both precipitation and river runoffs. Our study reveals that variability in coastal waters is connected to the large-scale North Atlantic atmospheric circulation but is also partly explained by local river influences. Indeed, while the NAO is strongly related to changes in sea surface temperature at the Brest and Roscoff sites, the EAP and the AR have a major influence on precipitations, which in turn modulate river discharges that impact sea surface salinity at the scale of the two coastal stations. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
Keywords: Climate variability; Coastal systems; Large-scale hydro-climatic indices; River inputs; Time-series; Weather regimes

Long-term studies of Crozet Island killer whales are fundamental to understanding the economic and demographic consequences of their depredation behaviour on the Patagonian toothfish fishery. - Tixier, P; Guinet, C; Nicolas Gasco (ICES journal of marine science, 2014)

Looking for the bird Kiss: evolutionary scenario in sauropsids. - Pasquier, Jérémy; Anne-Gaelle Lafont; Karine Rousseau; Quérat, Bruno; Chemineau, Philippe; Sylvie Dufour (BMC Evol Biol, 2014)
BACKGROUND: The neuropeptide Kiss and its receptor KissR are key-actors in the brain control of reproduction in mammals, where they are responsible for the stimulation of the activity of GnRH neurones. Investigation in other vertebrates revealed up to 3 Kiss and 4 KissR paralogs, originating from the two rounds of whole genome duplication in early vertebrates. In contrast, the absence of Kiss and KissR has been suggested in birds, as no homologs of these genes could be found in current genomic databases. This study aims at addressing the question of the existence, from an evolutionary perspective, of the Kisspeptin system in birds. It provides the first large-scale investigation of the Kisspeptin system in the sauropsid lineage, including ophidian, chelonian, crocodilian, and avian lineages. RESULTS: Sauropsid Kiss and KissR genes were predicted from multiple genome and transcriptome databases by TBLASTN. Phylogenetic and syntenic analyses were performed to classify predicted sauropsid Kiss and KissR genes and to re-construct the evolutionary scenarios of both gene families across the sauropsid radiation.Genome search, phylogenetic and synteny analyses, demonstrated the presence of two Kiss genes (Kiss1 and Kiss2 types) and of two KissR genes (KissR1 and KissR4 types) in the sauropsid lineage. These four genes, also present in the mammalian lineage, would have been inherited from their common amniote ancestor. In contrast, synteny analyses supported that the other Kiss and KissR paralogs are missing in sauropsids as in mammals, indicating their absence in the amniote lineage. Among sauropsids, in the avian lineage, we demonstrated the existence of a Kiss2-like gene in three bird genomes. The divergence of these avian Kiss2-like sequences from those of other vertebrates, as well as their absence in the genomes of some other birds, revealed the processes of Kiss2 gene degeneration and loss in the avian lineage. CONCLUSION: These findings contribute to trace back the evolutionary history of the Kisspeptin system in amniotes and sauropsids, and provide the first molecular evidence of the existence and fate of a Kiss gene in birds.
Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Avian Proteins; Biological Evolution; Birds; Humans; Kisspeptins; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Reptiles; Sequence Alignment; Synteny

Maintenance of potential spermatogonial stem cells in vitro by GDNF treatment in a chondrichthyan model (Scyliorhinus canicula L.). - Aude Gautier; Bosseboeuf, A; Auvray, P; Pascal Sourdaine (Biol Reprod, 2014)
Previous work in dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula, has identified the testicular germinative area as the spermatogonial stem cell niche. In the present study, an in vitro co-culture system of spermatogonia and somatic cells from the germinative area was developed. Long-term maintenance of spermatogonia has been successful, and addition of GDNF has promoted the development of clones of spermatogonia expressing stem cell characteristics such as alkaline phosphatase activity and has allowed maintenance of self-renewal in spermatogonia for at least 5 mo under culture conditions, notably by decreasing cell apoptosis. Furthermore, clones of spermatogonia expressed the receptor of GDNF, GFRalpha1, which is consistent with the effect of GDNF on cells despite the lack of identification of a GDNF sequence in the dogfish's transcriptome. However, a sequence homologous to artemin has been identified, and in silico analysis supports the hypothesis that artemin could replace GDNF in the germinative area in dogfish. This study, as the first report on long-term in vitro maintenance of spermatogonia in a chondrichthyan species, suggests that the GFRalpha1 signaling function in self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells is probably conserved in gnathostomes.

Marine biological shifts and climate - Grégory Beaugrand; Goberville, Eric; Christophe Luczak; Richard R Kirby (Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2014)
Phenological, biogeographic and community shifts are among the reported responses of marine ecosystems and their species to climate change. However, despite both the profound consequences for ecosystem functioning and ser- vices, our understanding of the root causes underlying these biological changes remains rudimentary. Here, we show that a significant proportion of the responses of species and communities to climate change are determinis- tic at some emergent spatio-temporal scales, enabling testable predictions and more accurate projections of future changes.We propose a theory based on the concept of the ecological niche to connect phenological, biogeographic and long-term community shifts. The theory explains approximately 70{%} of the phenological and biogeographic shifts of a key zooplankton Calanus finmarch- icus in the North Atlantic and approximately 56{%} of the long-term shifts in copepods observed in the North Sea during the period 1958–2009.
Keywords: environmental science

A microbiological and biogeochemical investigation of the cold seep tubeworm Escarpia southwardae (Annelida: Siboglinidae): Symbiosis and trace element composition of the tube - Sébastien Duperron; Sylvie M Gaudron; Lemaître, Nolwenn; Bayon, Germain (Deep-Sea Research Part I - Oceanographic Research Papers, 2014)

Mitigating killer whale depredation on demersal longline fisheries by changing fishing practice. - Tixier, P; Vacquie-Garcia, J; Nicolas Gasco; Guinet, C (ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2014)

Molecular evolution of GPCRs: Kisspeptin/kisspeptin receptors. - Pasquier, J; Kamech, Nedia; Anne-Gaelle Lafont; H Vaudry; Karine Rousseau; Sylvie Dufour (J. Mol. Endocrinol., 2014)

Morphological and molecular evidence of three species of pikes Esox spp. (Actinopterygii, Esocidae) in France, including the description of a new species - Denys, Gaël; Dettai, Agnès; Persat, Henri; Mélyne Hautecoeur; Philippe Keith (Comptes Rendus Biologies, 2014)
This integrative taxonomy study of French pikes compares morphological characters and molecular sequence data (mitochondrial COI and nuclear Plagl2 genes). In addition to the expected E. lucius, DNA sequences and morphology both support a new species in France, E. aquitanicus sp. nov. from the Charente to the Adour drainages. It is characterized by a color pattern of sides with narrow 1–1.5-scale-wide oblique vertical bands, conferring it a marbled coat, a snout only 0.9 times larger than the postorbital length, an anal fin basis 1.1–1.2 times larger than the caudal peduncle length, 101 to 121 lateral scales, 53 to 57 vertebrae, as well as 24 diagnostic sites in the COI gene and 3 in the Plagl2 gene. Partial COI sequences (131bp) from modern and historical specimens indicate also the presence of E. cisalpinus and E. lucius during the 19th century in Lake Geneva. Morphological and molecular data points to a possible hybridization between E. lucius with both other local pike species, representing a risk for them. Their endangerment status should be evaluated rapidly in order to take conservation measures.
Keywords: Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1; Esox aquitanicus; Esox cisalpinus; France; Integrative taxonomy; New species; Pleiomorphic adenoma gene-like 2

A multilocus molecular phylogeny of combtooth blennies (Percomorpha: Blennioidei: Blenniidae): multiple invasions of intertidal habitats. - Hundt, Peter J; Samuel Iglesias; Hoey, Andrew S; Simons, Andrew M (Mol Phylogenet Evol, 2014)
The combtooth blennies (f. Blenniidae) is a diverse family of primarily marine fishes with approximately 387 species that inhabit subtidal, intertidal, supralittoral habitats in tropical and warm temperate regions throughout the world. The Blenniidae has typically been divided into six groups based on morphological characters: Blenniini, Nemophini, Omobranchini, Phenablenniini, Parablenniini, and Salariini. There is, however, considerable debate over the validity of these groups and their relationships. Since little is known about the relationships in this group, other aspects of their evolutionary history, such as habitat evolution and remain unexplored. Herein, we use Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of four nuclear loci (ENC1, myh6, ptr, and tbr1) from 102 species, representing 41 genera, to resolve the phylogeny of the Blenniidae, determine the validity of the previously recognized groupings, and explore the evolution of habitat association using ancestral state reconstruction. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of the resulting 3100bp of DNA sequence produced nearly identical topologies, and identified many well-supported clades. Of these clades, Nemophini was the only traditionally recognized group strongly supported as monophyletic. This highly resolved and thoroughly sampled blenniid phylogeny provides strong evidence that the traditional rank-based classification does not adequately delimit monophyletic groups with the Blenniidae. This phylogeny redefines the taxonomy of the group and supports the use of 13 unranked clades for the classification of blenniids. Ancestral state reconstructions identified four independent invasions of intertidal habitats within the Blenniidae, and subsequent invasions into supralittoral and freshwater habitats from these groups. The independent invasions of intertidal habitats are likely to have played an important role in the evolutionary history of blennies.
Keywords: Animals; Bayes Theorem; Ecosystem; Likelihood Functions; Perciformes; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA

Multiple thyrotropin β-subunit and thyrotropin receptor-related genes arose during vertebrate evolution. - Gersende Maugars; Sylvie Dufour; Cohen-Tannoudji, Joëlle; Quérat, Bruno (PLoS One, 2014)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is composed of a specific β subunit and an α subunit that is shared with the two pituitary gonadotropins. The three β subunits derive from a common ancestral gene through two genome duplications (1R and 2R) that took place before the radiation of vertebrates. Analysis of genomic data from phylogenetically relevant species allowed us to identify an additional Tshβ subunit-related gene that was generated through 2R. This gene, named Tshβ2, present in cartilaginous fish, little skate and elephant shark, and in early lobe-finned fish, coelacanth and lungfish, was lost in ray-finned fish and tetrapods. The absence of a second type of TSH receptor (Tshr) gene in these species suggests that both TSHs act through the same receptor. A novel Tshβ sister gene, named Tshβ3, was generated through the third genomic duplication (3R) that occurred early in the teleost lineage. Tshβ3 is present in most teleost groups but was lostin tedraodontiforms. The 3R also generated a second Tshr, named Tshrb. Interestingly, the new Tshrb was translocated from its original chromosomic position after the emergence of eels and was then maintained in its new position. Tshrb was lost in tetraodontiforms and in ostariophysians including zebrafish although the latter species have two TSHs, suggesting that TSHRb may be dispensable. The tissue distribution of duplicated Tshβs and Tshrs was studied in the European eel. The endocrine thyrotropic function in the eel would be essentially mediated by the classical Tshβ and Tshra, which are mainly expressed in the pituitary and thyroid, respectively. Tshβ3 and Tshrb showed a similar distribution pattern in the brain, pituitary, ovary and adipose tissue, suggesting a possible paracrine/autocrine mode of action in these non-thyroidal tissues. Further studies will be needed to determine the binding specificity of the two receptors and how these two TSH systems are interrelated.

Multiscale patterns in the diversity and organization of benthic intertidal fauna among French Atlantic estuaries - Hugues Blanchet; Benoît Gouillieux; Sandrine Alizier; Jean-Michel Amouroux; Guy Bachelet; Anne-Laure Barillé; Jean-Claude Dauvin; Xavier de Montaudouin; Valérie Derolez; Nicolas Desroy; Jacques Grall; Antoine Grémare; et al. (Journal of Sea Research, 2014)
Based on a parallel sampling conducted during autumn 2008, a comparative study of the intertidal benthic macrofauna among 10 estuarine systems located along the Channel and Atlantic coasts of France was performed in order to assess the level of fauna similarity among these sites and to identify possible environmental factors involved in the observed pattern at both large (among sites) and smaller (benthic assemblages) scales. More precisely this study focused on unraveling the observed pattern of intertidal benthic fauna composition and diversity observed at among-site scale by exploring both biotic and abiotic factors acting at the among- and within-site scales. Results showed a limited level of similarity at the among-site level in terms of intertidal benthic fauna composition and diversity. The observed pattern did not fit with existing transitional water classification methods based on fish or benthic assemblages developed in the frame of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). More particularly, the coastal plain estuaries displayed higher among-site similarity compared to ria systems. These coastal plain estuaries were characterized by higher influence of river discharge, lower communication with the ocean and high suspended particulate matter levels. On the other hand, the ria-type systems were more dissimilar and different from the coastal plain estuaries. The level of similarity among estuaries was mainly linked to the relative extent of the intertidal “Scrobicularia plana–Cerastoderma edule” and “Tellina tenuis” or “Venus” communities as a possible consequence of salinity regime, suspended matter concentrations and fine particles supply with consequences on the trophic functioning, structure and organization of benthic fauna. Despite biogeographical patterns, the results also suggest that, in the context of the WFD, these estuaries should only be compared on the basis of the most common intertidal habitat occurring throughout all estuarine systems and that the \{EUNIS\} biotope classification might be used for this purpose. In addition, an original inverse relation between γ-diversity and area was shown; however, its relevance might be questioned.
Keywords: Diversity; Estuaries; Macrozoobenthos; Structuring Factors; WFD

Neuroendocrine gene expression reveals a decrease in dopamine D2B receptor with no changes in GnRH system during prepubertal metamorphosis of silvering in wild Japanese eel. - Jeng, Shan-Ru; Wen-Shiun Yueh; Pen, Yi-Ting; Lee, Yan-Horn; Chen, Guan-Ru; Sylvie Dufour; Chang, Ching-Fong (Gen Comp Endocrinol, 2014)
Silvering is a prepubertal metamorphosis preparing the eel to the oceanic reproductive migration. A moderate gonad development occurs during this metamorphosis from the sedentary yellow stage to the migratory silver stage. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular aspects of various endocrine parameters of BPG axis at different ovarian developmental stages in wild yellow and silver female Japanese eels. The GSI of the sampled female eels ranged between 0.18 and 2.3%, corresponding to yellow, pre-silver and silver stages. Gonad histology showed changes from previtellogenic oocytes in yellow eels to early vitellogenic oocytes in silver eels. Both serum E2 and T concentrations significantly increased with ovarian development indicating a significant activation of steroidogenesis during silvering. In agreement with previous studies, significant increases in pituitary gonadotropin beta subunits FSH-β and LH-β transcripts were also measured by qPCR, supporting that the activation of pituitary gonadotropin expression is likely responsible for the significant ovarian development observed during silvering. We investigated for the first time the possible brain neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in the activation of the pituitary gonadotropic function during silvering. By analyzing the expression of genes representative of the stimulatory GnRH control and the inhibitory dopaminergic control. The transcript levels of mGnRH and the three GnRH receptors did not change in the brain and pituitary between yellow and silver stages, suggesting that gene expression of the GnRH system is not significantly activated during silvering. The brain transcript levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, limiting enzyme of DA synthesis did not change during silvering, indicating that the DA synthesis activity was maintained. In contrast, a significant decrease in DA-D2B receptor expression in the forebrain and pituitary was observed, with no changes in DA-D2A receptor. The decrease in the pituitary expression of DA-D2BR during silvering would allow a reduced inhibitory effect of DA. We may raise the hypothesis that this regulation of D2BR gene expression is one of the neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in the slight activation of the pituitary gonadotropin and gonadal activity that occur at silvering.
Keywords: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Dopamine; Eels; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit; Gene Expression Regulation; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Immunoblotting; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Luteinizing Hormone, beta Subunit; Metamorphosis, Biological; Neurosecretory Systems; Oocytes; Ovary; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Receptors, Dopamine D2; Reproduction; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Sexual Maturation; Skin Pigmentation

NEUROGENESIS IN CEPHALOPODS: “ECO-EVO-DEVO” APPROACH IN THE CUTTLEFISH SEPIA OFFICINALIS (MOLLUSCA-CEPHALOPODA) - Navet, S; Sébastien Baratte; Yann Bassaglia; Aude Andouche; Buresi, Auxane; Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli (Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Taiwan, 2014)
Cephalopods are new evolutionary and ecological models. By their phylogenetic position (Lophotrochozoa, Mollusca), they provide a missing master piece in the whole puzzle of neurodevelopment studies. Their derived and specific nervous system but also their convergence with vertebrates offer abundant materials to question the evolution and development of the nervous system of Metazoa (evo-devo studies). In addition, their various adaptions to different modes of life open new fields of investigation of developmental plasticity according to ecological context (eco-evo-devo approach). In this paper, we review the recent works on cephalopod nervous developmental investigations. We show how cephalopods, and especially Sepia officinalis, an animal of economical interest, can be used as suitable models to extend our knowledge on cephalopod ecology and on nervous system evolution among molluscs.

Neuropeptides encoded by the genomes of the Akoya pearl oyster Pinctata fucata and Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas: a bioinformatic and peptidomic survey. - Stewart, Michael J; Pascal Favrel; Rotgans, Bronwyn A; Wang, Tianfang; Zhao, Min; Sohail, Manzar; O'Connor, Wayne A; Elizur, Abigail; Joël Henry; Cummins, Scott F (BMC Genomics, 2014)
BACKGROUND: Oysters impart significant socio-ecological benefits from primary production of food supply, to estuarine ecosystems via reduction of water column nutrients, plankton and seston biomass. Little though is known at the molecular level of what genes are responsible for how oysters reproduce, filter nutrients, survive stressful physiological events and form reef communities. Neuropeptides represent a diverse class of chemical messengers, instrumental in orchestrating these complex physiological events in other species. RESULTS: By a combination of in silico data mining and peptide analysis of ganglia, 74 putative neuropeptide genes were identified from genome and transcriptome databases of the Akoya pearl oyster, Pinctata fucata and the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, encoding precursors for over 300 predicted bioactive peptide products, including three newly identified neuropeptide precursors PFGx8amide, RxIamide and Wx3Yamide. Our findings also include a gene for the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and two egg-laying hormones (ELH) which were identified from both oysters. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis supports similar global organization of these mature peptides. Computer-based peptide modeling of the molecular tertiary structures of ELH highlights the structural homologies within ELH family, which may facilitate ELH activity leading to the release of gametes. CONCLUSION: Our analysis demonstrates that oysters possess conserved molluscan neuropeptide domains and overall precursor organization whilst highlighting many previously unrecognized bivalve idiosyncrasies. This genomic analysis provides a solid foundation from which further studies aimed at the functional characterization of these molluscan neuropeptides can be conducted to further stimulate advances in understanding the ecology and cultivation of oysters.

New data on freshwater fish of New Caledonia - Philippe Keith; Clara Lord; Taillebois, Laura; Feutry, Pierre (in Guilbert É., Robillard T., Jourdan H., & Grandcolas P.(eds), Zoologia Neocaledonica 8. Biodiversity studies in New Caledonia., 2014)
Since 1861, freshwater fishes have been studied at different periods in New Caledonia. The first list was published in 1915, but the major inventories were done between 1998 and 2003. These inventories allowed the discovery of many new species and the publication, in 2003, of the Atlas of Freshwater fish and crustaceans of New Caledonia, which listed 64 freshwater fish species. Between 2004 and 2010, additional specific surveys were conducted by the MNHN and 9 species were added. Among them, 3 were new for science. Gobiidae family represents 30% of the freshwater fishes of New Caledonia. This high percentage is explained by their particular life cycle adapted to insular systems.

New Sicydiinae phylogeny (Teleostei: Gobioidei) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes: insights on systematics and ancestral areas. - Taillebois, Laura; Castelin, Magalie; Clara Lord; Chabarria, Ryan; Dettai, Agnès; Philippe Keith (Mol Phylogenet Evol, 2014)
The Sicydiinae subfamily (Teleostei: Gobioidei) is the biggest contributor to the diversity of fish communities in river systems of tropical islands. These species are found in the Indo-Pacific area, the Caribbean region and West Africa. They spawn in freshwater, their planktotrophic larvae drift downstream to the sea where they develop, before returning to the rivers to grow and reproduce. Hence, they are called amphidromous. Their phylogeny has been explored using a total of 3545 sites from 5 molecular markers (mitochondrial DNA: 16S rDNA, cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome b; nuclear DNA: rhodopsin gene and a nuclear marker specially developed for this study, the interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 1-IRF2PB1). Sequences were obtained for 59 Sicydiinae specimens of 9 known genera. The Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses support the monophyly of the subfamily as well as the monophylyof all genera except Sicydium, which is paraphyletic. Five major clades were identified within this subfamily. One clade contained the genus Stiphodon. Another clade contained Sicyopterus, Sicydium and Parasicydium with Sicyopterus as sister genus of Sicydium. The non-monophyly of Sicydium subclade, because it includes the monotypic genus Parasicydium, challenged the validity of Parasicydium genus. Ancestral area reconstruction showed that the subfamily emerged in the Central West Pacific region implying that previous hypotheses proposing a dispersal route for Sicydiinae into the Atlantic Ocean are unsupported by the present analysis. Our results suggest that the hypotheses for the dispersal route of the genus Sicydium should be reconsidered.
Keywords: Animals; Bayes Theorem; Cell Nucleus; Cytochromes b; DNA, Mitochondrial; DNA, Ribosomal; Electron Transport Complex IV; Evolution, Molecular; Female; Mitochondria; Perciformes; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA

A new species of Sicyopus (Gobioidei) from Java and Bali - Philippe Keith; Hadiaty, Renny; Frédéric Busson; Hubert, Nicolas (Cybium, 2014)
Sicyopus rubicundus n. sp., a sicydiine goby, is described from specimens collected in streams of Java and Bali (Indonesia). It differs from other species of this amphidromous genus by a combination of characters including a first dorsal fin with five spines in both sexes, a second dorsal fin with one spine and nine segmented rays, an anal fin with one spine and nine segmented rays, and a distinctive body colour in male.
Keywords: Freshwater; Gobiidae; Indonesia; New species; Sicyopus rubicundus

Optimisation du marquage d'oiseaux par la pose de bagues couleurs - Jérôme Fournier; Lionel Moisan (Alauda, 2014)
How to optimize the number of coloured rings on birds? Coloured rings are commonly used to individualize birds. A combination of colour rings enables to find the unique number registered on the metal ring. These colour rings allow to remotely control birds instead of capturing them again. These rings designed to minimize any potential perturbation for the individuals in their movements, but several papers showed considerable effects on the mate choice, the reproduction or the predation. It is often not necessary or not possible to capture hundreds or thousands of individuals to study the biology or the ecology of birds. To study a small bird population, it is possible to get a big number of colour ring combinations without putting a big number of rings. To put fewer rings is more comfortable for the bird and less time consuming during its manipulation. This article proposes solutions to ringers who wish to optimize the number of colour rings. The mathematical propositions show that it is better to systematically use the metal ring as being a part of the combination. It enables to increase very significantly the number of combinations while reducing the number of rings. To put only two colour rings in addition to the metal ring offers enough combinations for most of the field ornithological surveys.

Organisms as cooperative ecosystem engineers in intertidal flats - Passarelli, C; Frédéric Olivier; Paterson, D M; Tarik Meziane; Cédric Hubas (Journal of Sea Research, 2014)
The importance of facilitative interactions and organismal ecosystem engineering for establishing the structure of communities is increasingly being recognised for many different ecosystems. For example, soft-bottom tidal flats host a wide range of ecosystem engineers, probably because the harsh physico-chemical environmental conditions render these species of particular importance for community structure and function. These environments are therefore interesting when focusing on how ecosystem engineers interact and the consequences of these interactions on community dynamics. In this review, we initially detail the influence on benthic systems of two kinds of ecosystem engineers that are particularly common in tidal flats. Firstly, we examine species providing biogenic structures, which are often the only source of habitat complexity in these environments. Secondly, we focus on species whose activities alter sediment stability, which is a crucial feature structuring the dynamics of communities in tidal flats. The impacts of these engineers on both environment and communities were assessed but in addition the interaction between ecosystem engineers was examined. Habitat cascades occur when one engineer favours the development of another, which in turn creates or modifies and improves habitat for other species. Non-hierarchical interactions have often been shown to display non-additive effects, so that the effects of the association cannot be predicted from the effects of individual organisms. Here we propose the term of “cooperative ecosystem engineering” when two species interact in a way which enhances habitat suitability as a result of a combined engineering effect. Finally, we conclude by describing the potential threats for ecosystem engineers in intertidal areas, potential effects on their interactions and their influence on communities and ecosystem function.
Keywords: Biogenic Structure; Cooperative Ecosystem Engineers; Habitat Cascade; Sediment stability; tidal flats

Parasitic chytrids sustain zooplankton growth during inedible algal bloom - Rasconi, S; Grami, Boutheina; Nathalie Niquil; Jobard, Marlène; Sime-Ngando, T (Frontiers in microbiology, 2014)

Peces de Bolivia/Bolivian Fishes - Sarmiento, Jaime; Rémy Bigorne; Carvajal-Vallejos, F M; Maldonado, Mabel; Leciak, Elisabeth; Thierry Oberdorff (Plural editores, 2014)
Desde la última década, el creciente interés por parte de científicos y autoridades nacionales ha dado lugar a avances considerables en el conocimiento de los peces de Bolivia, llegando a una lista de más de 900 especies. Esta riqueza representa el 7 % de todas las especies de agua dulce descritas en el mundo, haciendo de Bolivia uno de los países con mayor diversidad de peces. Este libro, primero de su categoría en Bolivia, presenta una compilación de informaciones sobre una centena de especies de peces, entre las más conocidas o notables, incluyendo fotos, informaciones sobre sus rasgos biológicos y mapas de distribución. Está dirigido a quienes quieren descubrir o conocer más sobre los peces de Bolivia y la biodiversidad en general. Esperamos que el presente trabajo resalte la necesidad de preservar la singularidad que representan las aguas bolivianas con su diversa fauna, y que ayude al pueblo boliviano a conocer mejor y valorar su patrimonio natural.   Since the last decade, an increasing attention from scientists and national authorities has led to significant advances in our knowledge of Bolivian fishes. To date, more than 900 fish species are known to inhabit Bolivian waters. This richness represents 7 % of all freshwater fish species described worldwide, making Bolivia one of the most species rich countries. This book, first of its kind for Bolivia, presents a compilation of information on the most well-known species, including pictures, details on life history traits and maps of distribution. We hope this book will participate in demonstrating the need to preserve the uniqueness that represents the Bolivian waters and their diverse fish fauna, and helping Bolivian people in discovering their natural heritage.

Phytoplankton diversity and community composition along the estuarine gradient of a temperate macrotidal ecosystem: combined morphological and molecular approaches. - Bazin, Pauline; Fabien Jouenne; Friedl, Thomas; Deton-Cabanillas, Anne-Flore; Bertrand Le Roy; Benoît Véron (PLoS One, 2014)
Microscopical and molecular analyses were used to investigate the diversity and spatial community structure of spring phytoplankton all along the estuarine gradient in a macrotidal ecosystem, the Baie des Veys (eastern English Channel). Taxa distribution at high tide in the water column appeared to be mainly driven by the tidal force which superimposed on the natural salinity gradient, resulting in a two-layer flow within the channel. Lowest taxa richness and abundance were found in the bay where Teleaulax-like cryptophytes dominated. A shift in species composition occurred towards the mouth of the river, with the diatom Asterionellopsis glacialis dramatically accumulating in the bottom waters of the upstream brackish reach. Small thalassiosiroid diatoms dominated the upper layer river community, where taxa richness was higher. Through the construction of partial 18S rDNA clone libraries, the microeukaryotic diversity was further explored for three samples selected along the surface salinity gradient (freshwater - brackish - marine). Clone libraries revealed a high diversity among heterotrophic and/or small-sized protists which were undetected by microscopy. Among them, a rich variety of Chrysophyceae and other lineages (e.g. novel marine stramenopiles) are reported here for the first time in this transition area. However, conventional microscopy remains more efficient in revealing the high diversity of phototrophic taxa, low in abundances but morphologically distinct, that is overlooked by the molecular approach. The differences between microscopical and molecular analyses and their limitations are discussed here, pointing out the complementarities of both approaches, for a thorough phytoplankton community description.

Planktonic food webs revisited : reanalysis of results from the linear inverse approach - Sakka-Hlaili, A; Nathalie Niquil; Legendre, L (Progress in Oceanography, 2014)
Identification of the trophic pathway that dominates a given planktonic assemblage is generally based on the distribution of biomasses among food-web compartments, or better, the flows of materials or energy among compartments. These flows are obtained by field observations and a posteriori analyses, including the linear inverse approach. In the present study, we re-analysed carbon flows obtained by inverse analysis at 32 stations in the global ocean and one large lake. Our results do not support two “classical” views of plankton ecology, i.e. that the herbivorous food web is dominated by mesozooplankton grazing on large phytoplankton, and the microbial food web is based on microzooplankton significantly consuming bacteria; our results suggest instead that phytoplankton are generally grazed by microzooplankton, of which they are the main food source. Furthermore, we identified the “phyto-microbial food web”, where microzooplankton largely feed on phytoplankton, in addition to the already known “poly-microbial food web”, where microzooplankton consume more or less equally various types of food. These unexpected results led to a (re)definition of the conceptual models corresponding to the four trophic pathways we found to exist in plankton, i.e. the herbivorous, multivorous, and two types of microbial food web. We illustrated the conceptual trophic pathways using carbon flows that were actually observed at representative stations. The latter can be calibrated to correspond to any field situation. Our study also provides researchers and managers with operational criteria for identifying the dominant trophic pathway in a planktonic assemblage, these criteria being based on the values of two carbon ratios that could be calculated from flow values that are relatively easy to estimate in the field.

Prophenoloxidase system, lysozyme and protease inhibitor distribution in the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis - Le Pabic, C; Safi, Georges; Antoine Serpentini; Jean-Marc Lebel; Jean-Paul Robin; Siméoni Koueta-Noussithé (2014)

Protecting honey bees: identification of a new varroacide by in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies. - Dulin, Fabienne; Céline Zatylny-Gaudin; Ballandonne, Céline; Guillet, Bertrand; Bonafos, Romain; Bureau, Ronan; Halm, Marie Pierre (Parasitol Res, 2014)
Varroa destructor is the main concern related to the gradual decline of honeybees. Nowadays, among the various acaricides used in the control of V. destructor, most presents increasing resistance. An interesting alternative could be the identification of existent molecules as new acaricides with no effect on honeybee health. We have previously constructed the first 3D model of AChE for honeybee. By analyzing data concerning amino acid mutations implicated in the resistance associated to pesticides, it appears that pirimicarb should be a good candidate for varroacide. To check this hypothesis, we characterized the AChE gene of V. destructor. In the same way, we proposed a 3D model for the AChE of V. destructor. Starting from the definition of these two 3D models of AChE in honeybee and varroa, a comparison between the gorges of the active site highlighted some major differences and particularly different shapes. Following this result, docking studies have shown that pirimicarb adopts two distinct positions with the strongest intermolecular interactions with VdAChE. This result was confirmed with in vitro and in vivo data for which a clear inhibition of VdAChE by pirimicarb at 10 μM (contrary to HbAChE) and a 100% mortality of varroa (dose corresponding to the LD50 (contact) for honeybee divided by a factor 100) were observed. These results demonstrate that primicarb could be a new varroacide candidate and reinforce the high relationships between in silico, in vitro, and in vivo data for the design of new selective pesticides.

Quantifying seasonality along a latitudinal gradient: from stream temperature to growth of invasive mosquitofish - Carmona-Catot, Gerard; Santos, Alejandra F. G. N.; Pablo Tedesco; Garcia-Berthou, Emili (Ecosphere, 2014)

Reaction of an estuarine food web to disturbance: Lindeman’s perspective - Nathalie Niquil; Baeta, Alexandra; Marques, João Carlos; Chaalali, Aurélie; Lobry, Jeremy; Patrício, Joana (Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2014)

Relevance of macrozoobenthic grazers to understand the dynamic behaviour of sediment erodibility and microphytobenthos resuspension in sunny summer conditions - Francis Orvain; Katell Guizien; Sébastien Lefebvre; Martine Bréret; Christine Dupuy (Journal of Sea Research, 2014)

Seasonal dynamics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in surface sediments of a diatom-dominated intertidal mudflat (Marennes–Oléron, France) - Guillaume Pierre; Jean-Michel Zhao; Francis Orvain; Christine Dupuy; Géraldine Klein; Marianne Graber; Thierry Maugard (Journal of Sea Research, 2014)

Seasonal Pattern of the Biogeochemical Properties of Mangrove Sediments Receiving Shrimp Farm Effluents (New Caledonia) - Cyril Marchand; Molnar, N; Deborde, J; Patrona, LC; Tarik Meziane (Journal of acquaculture research & development, 2014)

Seasonal variation of marine snow-associated and ambient water prokaryotic communities in the northern Adriatic Sea - Vojvoda, Jana; Lamy, Dominique; Sintes, Eva; Garcia, Juan AL; Turk, Valentina; Gerhard J Herndl (Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 2014)

Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) metamorphic larvae are more sensitive to pseudo-albinism induced by high dietary arachidonic acid levels than post-metamorphic larvae - Boglino, A; Wishkerman, A; Darias, Maria; de la Iglesia, P; Andree, K B; Gisbert, E; Estévez, A (Aquaculture, 2014)
Abstract High dietary levels of arachidonic acid (ARA) and its relative proportions with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), fed during early larval stages, have been associated with malpigmentation in various flatfish species. This study investigated whether the nutritional induction of pigmentary disorders at larval stages was related to a specific larval period of increased sensitivity to \{ARA\} in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858). Senegalese sole larvae were fed high dietary \{ARA\} levels during pre- and pro-metamorphosis (2–15 dph) and/or post-metamorphosis (15–50 dph). Larval tissues reflected the dietary fatty acid composition. Malpigmentations were significantly related to elevated dietary and larval \{ARA\} contents and ARA/EPA ratio. This study reports evidence for a “pigmentation window”, with a higher larval sensitivity to dietary \{ARA\} during pre- and pro-metamorphosis than post-metamorphosis. High dietary \{ARA\} fed to larvae during pre-metamorphosis enhanced survival, but did not affect growth nor eye migration. The aspect and density of melanophores in the skin of the ocular side of ARA-induced pseudo-albinos were significantly reduced in comparison to normally pigmented individuals, even more in the pseudo-albino fish fed high dietary \{ARA\} levels during the pre-metamorphic stage. Pseudo-albino fish fed high dietary \{ARA\} levels during post-metamorphosis showed higher concentrations of 2- and 3-series prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGE3) than normally pigmented specimens fed the same diets. An increased sensitivity to ARA-induced malpigmentations has been identified at pre-metamorphosis and early metamorphosis in Senegalese sole. Supplying high dietary \{ARA\} amounts imbalanced the dietary ARA/EPA ratio and disrupted the relative concentrations of derived \{PGE2\} and PGE3, resulting in 20 to 81.7% pseudo-albino individuals, depending on the dietary treatment. The administration of high levels of dietary \{ARA\} at different developmental stages did not only affect the incidence of animals with pigmentary disorders, but it also affect the melanophore density and skin aspect in normally pigmented and pseudoalbino fish as image segmentation and texture analyses indicated.
Keywords: Prostaglandins

Sequential resuspension of biofilm components (viruses, prokaryotes and protists) as measured by erodimetry experiments in the Brouage mudflat (French Atlantic coast) - Christine Dupuy; Clarisse Mallet; Katell Guizien; Hélène Montanié; Martine Bréret; Françoise Mornet; Camille Fontaine; Caroline Nérot; Francis Orvain (Journal of Sea Research, 2014)

Shell extracts from the marine bivalve Pecten maximus regulate the synthesis of extracellular matrix in primary cultured human skin fibroblasts. - Latire, T; Legendre, Florence; Bigot, Nicolas; Carduner, Ludovic; Kellouche, Sabrina; Bouyoucef, Mouloud; Carreiras, Franck; Marin, F; Jean-Marc Lebel; Galéra, Philippe; Antoine Serpentini (PLoS One, 2014)
Mollusc shells are composed of more than 95% calcium carbonate and less than 5% of an organic matrix consisting mostly of proteins, glycoproteins and polysaccharides. Previous studies have elucidated the biological activities of the shell matrices from bivalve molluscs on skin, especially on the expression of the extracellular matrix components of fibroblasts. In this work, we have investigated the potential biological activities of shell matrix components extracted from the shell of the scallop Pecten maximus on human fibroblasts in primary culture. Firstly, we demonstrated that shell matrix components had different effects on general cellular activities. Secondly, we have shown that the shell matrix components stimulate the synthesis of type I and III collagens, as well as that of sulphated GAGs. The increased expression of type I collagen is likely mediated by the recruitment of transactivating factors (Sp1, Sp3 and human c-Krox) in the -112/-61 bp COL1A1 promoter region. Finally, contrarily to what was obtained in previous works, we demonstrated that the scallop shell extracts have only a small effect on cell migration during in vitro wound tests and have no effect on cell proliferation. Thus, our research emphasizes the potential use of shell matrix of Pecten maximus for dermo-cosmetic applications.

The skeleton of the staghorn coral Acropora millepora: molecular and structural characterization. - Ramos-Silva, Paula; Kaandorp, Jaap; Herbst, Frédéric; Plasseraud, Laurent; Alcaraz, G; Stern, Christine; Corneillat, Marion; Guichard, N; Durlet, Christophe; Gilles Luquet; Marin, F (PLoS One, 2014)
The scleractinian coral Acropora millepora is one of the most studied species from the Great Barrier Reef. This species has been used to understand evolutionary, immune and developmental processes in cnidarians. It has also been subject of several ecological studies in order to elucidate reef responses to environmental changes such as temperature rise and ocean acidification (OA). In these contexts, several nucleic acid resources were made available. When combined to a recent proteomic analysis of the coral skeletal organic matrix (SOM), they enabled the identification of several skeletal matrix proteins, making A. millepora into an emerging model for biomineralization studies. Here we describe the skeletal microstructure of A. millepora skeleton, together with a functional and biochemical characterization of its occluded SOM that focuses on the protein and saccharidic moieties. The skeletal matrix proteins show a large range of isoelectric points, compositional patterns and signatures. Besides secreted proteins, there are a significant number of proteins with membrane attachment sites such as transmembrane domains and GPI anchors as well as proteins with integrin binding sites. These features show that the skeletal proteins must have strong adhesion properties in order to function in the calcifying space. Moreover this data suggest a molecular connection between the calcifying epithelium and the skeletal tissue during biocalcification. In terms of sugar moieties, the enrichment of the SOM in arabinose is striking, and the monosaccharide composition exhibits the same signature as that of mucus of acroporid corals. Finally, we observe that the interaction of the acetic acid soluble SOM on the morphology of in vitro grown CaCO3 crystals is very pronounced when compared with the calcifying matrices of some mollusks. In light of these results, we wish to commend Acropora millepora as a model for biocalcification studies in scleractinians, from molecular and structural viewpoints.
Keywords: Acetic Acid; Amination; Animals; Anthozoa; Bone and Bones; Calcium Carbonate; Crystallization; Gels; Monosaccharides; Proteins; Solubility; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Spectrum Analysis, Raman

Status and distribution of Smilosicyopus species (Teleostei, Gobioidei) - Philippe Keith; Taillebois, Laura (Cybium, 2014)
Status and distribution of Smilosicyopus species are unclear, as they are rare, difficult to sample and to distinguish. During thirteen years, many specimens were collected by the MNHN and collaborators in Pacific islands, including samples in all type localities. These specimens were compared and sequenced with COI gene. Seven species over the eight known were confirmed; indeed S. mystax is considered to be a synonym of S. leprurus. Further Smilosicyopus species have finally a broader distribution than thought and endemicity seems to be not the main rule in this genus. A key to species is given.
Keywords: Distribution; Gobiidae; Sicydiinae; Smilosicyopus

Structures of benthic prokaryotic communities and their hydrolytic enzyme activities resuspended from samples of intertidal mudflats: An experimental approach - Clarisse Mallet; Hélène Agogué; Frédérique Bonnemoy; Katell Guizien; Francis Orvain; Christine Dupuy (Journal of Sea Research, 2014)

Synchronous response of marine plankton ecosystems to climate in the Northeast Atlantic and the North Sea - Goberville, Eric; Grégory Beaugrand; Martin Edwards (Journal of Marine Systems, 2014)
Over the last few decades, global warming has accelerated both the rate and magnitude of changes observed in many functional units of the Earth System. In this context, plankton are sentinel organisms because they are sensitive to subtle levels of changes in temperature and might help in identifying the current effects of climate change on pelagic ecosystems. In this paper, we performed a comparative approach in two regions of the North Atlantic (i.e. the Northeast Atlantic and the North Sea) to explore the relationships between changes in marine plankton, the regional physico-chemical environment and large-scale hydro-climatic forcing using four key indices: the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), the East Atlantic (EA) pattern and Northern Hemisphere Temperature (NHT) anomalies. Our analyses suggest that long-term changes in the states of the two ecosystems were synchronous and correlated to the same large-scale hydro-climatic variables: NHT anomalies, the AMO and to a lesser extent the EA pattern. No significant correlation was found between long-term ecosystem modifications and the state of the NAO. Our results suggest that the effect of climate on these ecosystems has mainly occurred in both regions through the modulation of the thermal regime. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Keywords: Climate Change; Large-scale hydro-climatic indices; Long-term changes; North Atlantic; Phytoplankton; Zooplankton

Temperature influences histone methylation and mRNA expression of the Jmj-C histone-demethylase orthologues during the early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. - Alexandre Fellous; Pascal Favrel; Guillaume Rivière (Mar Genomics, 2014)
In many groups, epigenetic mechanisms influence developmental gene regulation under environmental inputs. The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas belongs to lophotrochozoans and its larval development is highly dependent on temperature, but the role of epigenetic mechanisms in this context is unknown despite high levels of the recently characterized Jumonji histone demethylase (JHDM) orthologues (Cg_Jumonji) suggesting a physiological relevance of histone methylation in the oyster development. Because in other species alterations of the histone methylation pattern have deleterious outcomes, we investigated the influence of temperature during the oyster larval life on histone methylation and JHDM expression. To shed light on this point, oyster embryonic and early larval development experiments were carried out at different temperatures (18°C, 25°C and 32°C). Histone methylation levels were investigated using fluorescent ELISA at 6 and 24h post-fertilization. When compared to the 25°C group, at 18°C H3K4, H3K9 and H3K27 residues were hypomethylated at 6h post fertilization (hpf) and hypermethylated at 24hpf. In contrast, at 32°C, 6hpf animals present a dramatic hypermethylation (ca. 4-fold) of all examined residues, which is minored but sustained at 24hpf. RT-qPCR investigations of the mRNA expression of the nine oyster JHDMs, showed gene- and stage-specific temperature sensitivities throughout the early life of oysters. This study provides evidence of the biological significance of histone methylation during development in a lophotrochozoan species. Our results also indicate that temperature influences histone methylation, possibly through the expression level of putative actors of its regulation, which might participate in developmental control. To our knowledge, this is the first report indicating a direct relationship between an epigenetic mark and an environmental parameter in marine molluscs. Such investigations could help better understand the molecular mechanisms of development and adaptation in lophotrochozoans.

Temperature modulates the progression of vitellogenesis in the European eel - Mazzeo, I; Penaranda, David S; Gallego, Victor; Sylvie Baloche; Nourizadeh-Lillabadi, R; Tveiten, Helge; Sylvie Dufour; Asturiano, Juan F; Weltzien, Finn-Arne; Perez, Luz (Aquaculture, 2014)

Three new species of Lentipes (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Indonesia. - Philippe Keith; Hadiaty, Renny; Hubert, Nicolas; Frédéric Busson; Clara Lord (Cybium, 2014)
Three new species of Lentipes (L. argenteus, L. ikeae and L. mekonggaensis), freshwater gobies, are described from streams of Sumatra, Java, Bali and Sulawesi (Indonesia). They differ from other species of the genus by a combination of characters including an urogenital papilla lacking lateral lobes and retractable into a sheath-like groove, the number of pectoral fin rays, the number of scales, tricuspid teeth in the upper jaw, and a specific body colour in males.
Keywords: Bali; Freshwater; Gobiidae; Java; Lentipes; New species; Sulawesi; Sumatra

Tidal and seasonal effects on the short-term temporal patterns of bacteria, microphytobenthos and exopolymers in natural intertidal biofilms (Brouage, France) - Francis Orvain; Margot de Crignis; Katell Guizien; Sébastien Lefebvre; Clarisse Mallet; Takahashi, E; Christine Dupuy (Journal of Sea Research, 2014)

A toolbox to evaluate data reliability for whole-ecosystem models: application on the Bay of Biscay continental shelf food-web model - Géraldine Lassalle; Bourdaud, Pierre; Saint-Béat, B; Rochette, Sébastien; Nathalie Niquil (Ecological modelling, 2014)

Transcriptomic and peptidomic analysis of protein hydrolysates from the white shrimp (L. vannamei). - Robert, Marie; Céline Zatylny-Gaudin; Fournier, Vincent; Corre, Erwan; Gildas Le Corguille; Bernay, Benoît; Joël Henry (J Biotechnol, 2014)
An RNAseq approach associated to mass spectrometry was conducted to assess the composition, molecular mass distribution and primary sequence of hydrolytic peptides issued from hydrolysates of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) by-products. High performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) analyses indicated that 69.2% of the 214-nm-absorbing components had apparent molecular masses below 1000 Da, and 88.3% below 2000 Da. OFFGEL-nLC-MALDI-TOF/TOF and nLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses led to the identification of 808 peptides based on the NCBI EST databank (161,397 entries) completed by the new L. vannamei databank (58,508 entries) that we created from the RNAs of tissues used for hydrolysate production. Whereas most of hydrolytic peptides have a MW below 2000 Da, preliminary investigations of antimicrobial properties revealed three antibacterial fractions that demonstrate functional activities. The abundance of small peptides as well as the biological activities detected could imply very interesting applications for shrimp hydrolysate in the field of aquaculture feeding.

Transcriptomic profiling of gametogenesis in triploid Pacific Oysters Crassostrea gigas: towards an understanding of partial sterility associated with triploidy. - Dheilly, Nolwenn M; Jouaux, Aude; Boudry, Pierre; Pascal Favrel; Christophe Lelong (PLoS One, 2014)
BACKGROUND: Triploidy can occur in many animal species but is often lethal. Among invertebrates, amphibians and fishes, triploids are viable although often sterile or infertile. Most triploids of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas are almost sterile (named "3nβ") yet a low but significant proportion show an advanced gametogenesis (named "3nα"). These oysters thus constitute an interesting model to study the effect of triploidy on germ cell development. We used microarrays to compare the gonad transcriptomes of diploid 2n and the abovementioned triploid 3nβ and 3nα male and female oysters throughout gametogenesis. RESULTS: All triploids displayed an upregulation of genes related to DNA repair and apoptosis and a downregulation of genes associated with cell division. The comparison of 3nα and 3nβ transcriptomes with 2n revealed the likely involvement of a cell cycle checkpoint during mitosis in the successful but delayed development of gonads in 3nα individuals. In contrast, a disruption of sex differentiation mechanisms may explain the sterility of 3nβ individuals with 3nβ females expressing male-specific genes and 3nβ males expressing female-specific genes. CONCLUSIONS: The disruption of sex differentiation and mitosis may be responsible for the impaired gametogenesis of triploid Pacific oysters. The function of the numerous candidate genes identified in our study should now be studied in detail in order to elucidate their role in sex determination, mitosis/meiosis control, pachytene cell cycle checkpoint, and the control of DNA repair/apoptosis.

Trichoplaxin - a new membrane-active antimicrobial peptide from placozoan cDNA. - Simunic, J; Petrov, D; Bouceba, T; Kamech, Nedia; Benincasa, M; Juretic, D (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2014)

Tropical and temperate freshwater amphidromy: a comparison between life history characteristics of Sicydiinae, ayu, sculpins and galaxiids. - Watanabe, S; Iida, Midori; Clara Lord; Philippe Keith; Tsukamoto, Katsumi (Rev Fish Biol Fisheries, 2014)
Amphidromy is a distinctive form of diadromy, but differences in the life histories of tropical and temperate amphidromous fishes suggest that there are two types of freshwater amphidromy. The life histories of Sicydiinae gobies, ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), Japanese sculpins (Cottus) and galaxiids (Galaxiidae), suggest that the Sicydiinae are representatives of tropical freshwater amphidromy, whereas ayu, sculpins and galaxiids are representatives of temperate freshwater amphidromy. The Sicydiine larval stage may be required to occur in the ocean for all species, but ayu, sculpins and galaxiids have landlocked or fluvial forms with larvae that do not need to enter the ocean for larval feeding and growth. This suggests that Sicydiine larvae have a high oceanic dependency whereas ayu, sculpins and galaxiid larvae have a low oceanic dependency. Freshwater amphidromous fish in tropical and temperate zones appear to have developed two different strategies in the evolution of their life histories. It is likely that the evolutionary direction of the larval stage of tropical amphidromy is to remain in the sea and that of temperate amphidromy is towards having the ability to remain in freshwater if needed. Tropical and temperate amphidromy appear to be biologically informative categories and evaluations of this hypothesis will facilitate better understanding of the various forms of amphidromy in the future.
Keywords: Amphidromous species; Fluvial form; Landlocked form; Oceanic dependency; Sicydiine species

Twenty years of observed and predicted changes in subtidal red seaweed assemblages along a biogeographical transition zone: inferring potential causes from environmental data - Régis Gallon; Robuchon, Marine; Leroy, Boris; Le Gall, L; Valero, Myriam; Eric Feunteun (Journal of Biogeography, 2014)

A two-stage biomass model to assess the English Channel cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis L.) stock - Gras, Michael; Roel, Beatriz A.; Coppin, Franck; Foucher, Eric; Jean-Paul Robin (ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 2014)

Validation of Eustiromastix guianae (Caporiacco, 1954) (Araneae, Salticidae) with a first description of the female, and additions to the salticid fauna of French Guiana. - Courtial, Cyril; Picard, Lionel; Frédéric Ysnel; Pétillon, Julien (Zookeys, 2014)
In this paper, we validate the doubtful species status of E. guianae, with redescriptions of (supposedly lost) type and holotype males, and a first description of the female. Both sexes are measured and illustrated by pictures of habitus and copulatory organs. Seventeen new salticid species for French Guiana are also reported and a detailed catalogue of all salticid species from the Trinité National Nature Reserve is provided.

Veliger Size at Metamorphosis and Temporal Variability in Prodissoconch II Morphometry in the Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis): Potential Impact on Recruitment - Martel, André L.; Réjean Tremblay; Nicolas Toupoint; Frédéric Olivier; Myrand, B (Journal of Shellfish Research, 2014)
Examination of the larval shell (prodissoconch) of molluscs with planktotrophic development can provide valuable information on their planktonic and early benthic life. We examined temporal variability of abundance and size among 11,994 veligers of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) in a coastal lagoon during settling periods between 1995 and 2009. Size and date at metamorphosis during the recruitment season were determined for 1,925 postlarvae (shell length, 255–900 µm) with prodissoconch II (PII) measurements. Emphasizing the recurrence of metamorphosis delay in the field, our study reveals a net increase in mean size at metamorphosis through time, with means for PII size ranging from 255–288 µm early in summer (after peak spawning events) to 400–422 µm (PII) during late July to early September. By estimating the “true” settlement date using the amount of dissoconch secreted after metamorphosis, such time-series analyses appropriately recapitulated the temporal pattern of mean pediveliger (competent larvae) size in the plankton. Our results demonstrate that greater settlement success rates were related to small size at metamorphosis—in particular, less than 320 µm. Seasonal increase in mean PII size occurring during the latter part of the settling period may be explained by competent veligers remaining adrift and delayed metamorphosis as a result of the lack of favorable encounters with a suitable substrate or the absence of specific trophic signals, or cues, required for stimulating settlement, thus forcing larvae to continue planktonic growth. The difference between the smallest and largest means for PII size corresponds to 122 µm of larval shell growth, or 47.8%, potentially representing a 322% difference in larval body mass at settlement.
Keywords: blue mussel; delayed metamorphosis; larval settlement; Mytilus edulis; prodissoconch II; recruitment; veligers

Vulnerability of biodiversity hotspots to global change - Bellard, Céline; Leclerc, Camille; Leroy, Boris; Bakkenes, Michel; Veloz, Samuel; Thuiller, Wilfried; Courchamp, Franck (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2014)

Windscape and tortuosity shape the flight costs of northern gannets - Amélineau, Françoise; Clara Péron; Lescroël, Amélie; Authier, Matthieu; Provost, Pascal; Grémillet, David (Journal of Experimental Biology, 2014)

Applying the concept of the ecological niche and a macroecological approach to understand how climate influences zooplankton: Advantages, assumptions, limitations and requirements - Grégory Beaugrand; Mackas, Dave; Goberville, Eric (Progress in Oceanography, 2013)
Ecosystem effects of climate change have been detected in all components of the Earth System. In the marine biosphere, climate-change responses have caused large and well-documented biogeographical and phenological shifts, which have in turn altered local dominance hierarchies, and also the structure, diversity and functional linkages within regional marine ecosystems. There is an urgent need to improve both our knowledge of the global-scale effects of climate change on marine biodiversity and our capacity to project future impacts. But extrapolation of previously estimated changes to additional places and to future conditions is complicated by non-linear responses to environmental variables, and also by complexities of multivariate interaction that can lead to tipping-points. In this paper, we show how observations from widely-spaced locations can be combined to characterise the ecological niche of a species, and how the concept of the niche can be used to understand and project how climate-induced changes in temperatures will alter marine zooplankton both locally and globally. As an example to illustrate our view, we apply this framework to the relatively well-known copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Our results suggest that climate change will strongly affect the local abundance of this species in the North Atlantic Ocean by the end of this century. Predicted changes are large (e.g. increase by ??6-10-fold of the temporal changes in the abundance of C. finmarchicus) and vary as a function of the magnitude of warming and the local sign and steepness of the thermal niche. Substantial rates of change hold even under optimistic climatic scenarii. After reviewing the main limitations of the niche concept in bioclimatological research, we argue that the application of this concept in ecology and bioclimatology might nevertheless represent the best tool currently available to scientists to discern and anticipate the effect of global climate change on species and ecosystems. The framework we proposed forces us however to think globally and to develop a worldwide coordinated macroecological approach, that includes global monitoring, new mathematical tools of detection and new types of modeling. ?? 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Beach morphological changes in response to marine turtles nesting: a preliminary study of Awala-Yalimapo beach, French Guiana (South America) - Péron, Christina; Chevallier, Damien; Galpin, Martin; Chatelet, Andy; Anthony, Edward J.; Le Maho, Yvon; Gardel, Antoine (Journal of Coastal Research, 2013)

Climatic Facilitation of the Colonization of an Estuary by Acartia tonsa - Chaalali, Aurélie; Grégory Beaugrand; Virginie Raybaud; Goberville, Eric; David, Valérie; Boët, Philippe; Benoit Sautour (PLoS ONE, 2013)
Global change has become a major driving force of both terrestrial and marine systems. Located at the interface between these two realms, estuarine ecosystems are probably the place where both direct and indirect effects of human activities conspire together to affect biodiversity from phytoplankton to top predators. Among European estuarine systems, the Gironde is the largest estuary of Western Europe and many studies have provided evidence that it has been affected by a variety of anthropogenic stressors such as thermal and chemical pollution, physical alterations and exploitation, especially for maritime traffic. In such a context, species introduction is also a current major issue with the establishment of strong competitive species that could lead to ecosystem reorganization with potential decrease or even disappearance of native species. In the Gironde estuary, this hypothesis was proposed for the invasive shrimp species Palaemon macrodactylus as a decrease in the native species abundance was observed at the same time. Although species introduction often takes place via ballast water, the influence of climate-driven changes on the establishment of new species remains a key issue. The calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa, observed in the Gironde estuary for the first time in 1983, have since colonized most part of the estuary, reaching a level of abundance comparable to the dominant native species Eurytemora affinis. In this study, using both the concept of the ecological niche sensu Hutchinson (fundamental and realized niches) and statistical models, we reveal that the dynamics of the colonization of A. tonsa was facilitated by environmental conditions that have become closer to its environmental optimum with respect to temperature and salinity.