@article {7089,
	title = {How to model social-ecological systems? {\textendash} A case study on the effects of a future offshore wind farm on the local society and ecosystem, and whether social compensation matters},
	journal = {Marine Policy},
	volume = {119},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Models of social-ecological systems (SES) are acknowledged as an important tool to understand human-nature relations. However, many SES models fail to integrate adequate information from both the human and ecological subsystems. With an example model of a future Offshore Wind Farm development and its effects on both the ecosystem and local human population, we illustrate a method facilitating a {\textquotedblleft}balanced{\textquotedblright} SES model, in terms of including information from both subsystems. We use qualitative mathematical modeling, which allows to quickly analyze the structure and dynamics of a system without including quantitative data, and therefore to compare alternative system structures based on different understandings of how the system works. By including similar number of system variables in the two subsystems, we balanced the complexity between them. Our analyses show that this complexity is important in order to predict indirect and sometimes counterintuitive effects. We also highlight some conceptually important questions concerning social compensations during developmental projects in general, and wind farms in particular. Our results suggest that the more project holders get involved in various manner in the local socio-ecological system, the more society will benefit as a whole. Increased involvement through e.g. new projects or job-opportunities around the windfarm has the capacity to offset the negative effects of the windfarm on the local community. These benefits are enhanced when there is an overall acceptance and appropriation of the project. We suggest this method as a tool to support the decision-making process and to facilitate discussions between stakeholders, especially among local communities. {\textcopyright} The Authors},
	keywords = {Acceptance, comparative study, Complexity, Decision making, development project, Eastern English channel, environmental impact assessment, future prospect, local participation, Network, numerical model, offshore structure, participatory approach, Perception, Qualitative modeling, quantitative analysis, Renewable energy, social impact assessment, stakeholder, wind farm},
	issn = {0308597X (ISSN)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104031},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085318224\&doi=10.1016\%2fj.marpol.2020.104031\&partnerID=40\&md5=9e69340af6d591878af0f943cd4bc347},
	author = {Haraldsson, M. and Raoux, A. and Riera, F. and Hay, J. and Dambacher, J.M. and Nathalie Niquil}
}
@article {5815,
	title = {{Anthropogenic impact on macrobenthic communities and consequences for shorebirds in Northern France: A complex response}},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	volume = {184},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {<p>{\textcopyright} 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Shorebird populations are declining worldwide due to the combined effect of climate change and anthropogenic forcing, the ongoing coastal urbanisation amplifying the alteration of their habitat in both rate and magnitude. By focusing on a highly anthropogenically-influenced region in Northern France, we studied the impact of a seawall construction on wintering shorebird populations through potential alterations in the abundance and availability of their food resources. We concurrently investigated changes in the spatial distribution of muddy-sand beach macrobenthic communities between two periods of contrasting anthropogenic impacts and examined year-to-year trends of wintering shorebirds. Our study reveals that the seawall construction led to a major spatial reorganisation of the macrobenthic communities with a drastic reduction of the muddy-sand community. However, no relation between macrobenthic changes and shorebird abundances was detected. Fluctuations in shorebird abundances appeared to be congruent with flyway population trends. This result suggests that the response of shorebirds to human-induced perturbations is much more complex than expected. While an assessment of potential disturbances induced by coastal engineering constructions is needed, the pathways by which alterations could propagate through an ecosystem are not linear and as such difficult to determine. Ecosystems appear as complex adaptive systems in which macroscopic dynamics emerge from non-linear interactions at entangled smaller/larger scales. Our results confirm that an in-depth knowledge of the local, regional and global factors that influence trends of shorebirds and their habitat use is essential for accurate and effective management and conservation strategies.</p>
},
	keywords = {Anthropogenic impact, Coastal conservation, Complexity, Macrobenthic communities, Shorebirds},
	issn = {00063207},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2015.02.016},
	author = {C{\'e}line Rolet and Nicolas Spilmont and Dominique Davoult and Goberville, Eric and Christophe Luczak}
}
