@article {7091,
	title = {Isotopic analyses, a good tool to validate models in the context of Marine Renewable Energy development and cumulative impacts},
	journal = {Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science},
	volume = {237},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {As part of the energy transition, the French government is planning Offshore Wind Farm (OWF) constructions in the next decades. An integrated ecosystem approach of two future OWF sites of the Eastern English Channel (Courseulles-sur-mer and Dieppe-Le Tr{\'e}port) was developed to model the marine ecosystems before the OWF implementation. Such ecosystem models allow simulating the possible reef and reserve effects associated to the presence of the farm, and to character the overall changes in the food-web functioning. This holistic view of OWF effects could be replicated on other sites and form the basis of an ecosystem based management of marine renewable energies. However, to use these models for management purpose, they need to be validated. In order to do so, stable isotope ratios of nitrogen were used for determining the accuracy of the effective trophic levels computed in these two models. Results showed that trophic levels estimated by the two models were consistent with the trophic levels estimated by the independent isotopic data. In the context of OWF development and cumulative impacts analysis, this step of validation of the models is essential for developing their use by management actors and policy makers. {\textcopyright} 2020 Elsevier Ltd},
	keywords = {alternative energy, detection method, Dieppe, Ecopath with Ecosim, ecosystem approach, English Channel, food web, France, Isotopic nitrogen analysis, marine ecosystem, model validation, Normandie, Offshore wind farm, policy making, Seine Maritime, trophic level, wind farm},
	issn = {02727714 (ISSN)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106690},
	author = {Raoux, A. and Pezy, J.-P. and Ernande, B. and Nathalie Niquil and Dauvin, J.-C. and Granger{\'e}, K.}
}
@article {Raoux201811,
	title = {Assessing cumulative socio-ecological impacts of offshore wind farm development in the Bay of Seine (English Channel)},
	journal = {Marine Policy},
	volume = {89},
	year = {2018},
	note = {cited By 2},
	pages = {11-20},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
	abstract = {As part of the energy transition, the French government is planning the construction of Offshore Wind Farms (OWFs) in Normandy. These OWFs will be integrated into an ecosystem already facing multiple anthropogenic disturbances. A holistic view of cumulated impacts (OWF construction, global warming and fisheries) were developed on the Courseulles-sur-Mer{\textquoteright} ecosystem through the use of a qualitative mathematical modelling approach. This modelling approach provides the mean to consider alternative hypotheses about how the ecosystem structure and function affects its dynamics. Alternative models were constructed to address the different hypotheses regarding the behaviour of top predator (whether the top predators will be scared away by the OWF or attracted by the reef effect), impacts of global warming and changes in fisheries activities. Key findings from these analyses are that the OWF construction could lead to an increase in benthos species and fish benthos feeders whatever the perturbation scenario, while the predicted response of top predators was ambiguous across all perturbation scenario. Qualitative modelling results can play a vital role in decision making by improving long term planning for the marine environment but also as a tool for communication with the public and so contribute to a better acceptability of the Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) project. {\textcopyright} 2017 Elsevier Ltd},
	keywords = {alternative energy, Bay of Seine, development project, ecological impact, ecosystem management, English Channel, environmental impact assessment, environmental planning, France, Marine environment, offshore structure, qualitative analysis, social impact, wind farm},
	issn = {0308597X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2017.12.007},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X1730444X},
	author = {Raoux, Aurore and Dambacher, J.M. and Pezy, Jean-Philippe and Maz{\'e}, C. and Jean-Claude Dauvin and Nathalie Niquil}
}
