@article {9730,
	title = {Not Frozen in the Ice: Large and Dynamic Rearrangements in the Mitochondrial Genomes of the Antarctic Fish},
	journal = {Genome Biology and Evolution},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2021},
	month = {2021 Mar 01},
	abstract = {<p>The vertebrate mitochondrial genomes generally present a typical gene order. Exceptions are uncommon and important to study the genetic mechanisms of gene order rearrangements and their consequences on phylogenetic output and mitochondrial function. Antarctic notothenioid fish carry some peculiar rearrangements of the mitochondrial gene order. In this first systematic study of 28 species, we analyzed known and undescribed mitochondrial genome rearrangements for a total of eight different gene orders within the notothenioid fish. Our reconstructions suggest that transpositions, duplications, and inversion of multiple genes are the most likely mechanisms of rearrangement in notothenioid mitochondrial genomes. In Trematominae, we documented an extremely rare inversion of a large genomic segment of 5,300 bp that partially affected the gene compositional bias but not the phylogenetic output. The genomic region delimited by nad5 and trnF, close to the area of the Control Region, was identified as the hot spot of variation in Antarctic fish mitochondrial genomes. Analyzing the sequence of several intergenic spacers and mapping the arrangements on a newly generated phylogeny showed that the entire history of the Antarctic notothenioids is characterized by multiple, relatively rapid, events of disruption of the gene order. We hypothesized that a pre-existing genomic flexibility of the ancestor of the Antarctic notothenioids may have generated a precondition for gene order rearrangement, and the pressure of purifying selection could have worked for a rapid restoration of the mitochondrial functionality and compactness after each event of rearrangement.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals, Antarctic Regions, Evolution, Molecular, Fishes, Freezing, Gene Order, Gene Rearrangement, Genes, Mitochondrial, Genome, Mitochondrial, Genomics, Ice, Models, Genetic, Phylogeny, Vertebrates},
	issn = {1759-6653},
	doi = {10.1093/gbe/evab017},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evab017},
	author = {Papetti, Chiara and Babbucci, Massimiliano and Dettai, Agn{\`e}s and Basso, Andrea and Lucassen, Magnus and Harms, Lars and C{\'e}line Bonillo and Heindler, Franz Maximilian and Patarnello, Tomaso and Negrisolo, Enrico}
}
@article {4126,
	title = {Diversity of cultivable fungi associated with Antarctic marine sponges and screening for their antimicrobial, antitumoral and antioxidant potential.},
	journal = {World J Microbiol Biotechnol},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014 Jan},
	pages = {65-76},
	abstract = {<p>The diversity of sponge-associated fungi has been poorly investigated in remote geographical areas like Antarctica. In this study, 101 phenotypically different fungal isolates were obtained from 11 sponge samples collected in King George Island, Antarctica. The analysis of ITS sequences revealed that they belong to the phylum Ascomycota. Sixty-five isolates belong to the genera Geomyces, Penicillium, Epicoccum, Pseudeurotium, Thelebolus, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Phoma, and Trichocladium but 36 isolates could not be identified at genus level. In order to estimate the potential of these isolates as producers of interesting bioactivities, antimicrobial, antitumoral and antioxidant activities of fungal culture extracts were assayed. Around 51\% of the extracts, mainly from the genus Geomyces and non identified relatives, showed antimicrobial activity against some of the bacteria tested. On the other hand, around 42\% of the extracts showed potent antitumoral activity, Geomyces sp. having the best performance. Finally, the potential of the isolated fungi as producers of antioxidant activity seems to be moderate. Our results suggest that fungi associated with Antarctic sponges, particularly Geomyces, would be valuable sources of antimicrobial and antitumoral compounds. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the biodiversity and the metabolic potential of fungi associated with Antarctic marine sponges.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals, Antarctic Regions, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antineoplastic Agents, Antioxidants, Ascomycota, DNA, Ribosomal Spacer, Porifera, Sequence Analysis, DNA},
	issn = {1573-0972},
	doi = {10.1007/s11274-013-1418-x},
	author = {Henr{\'\i}quez, Marlene and Vergara, Karen and Norambuena, Javiera and Beiza, Andrea and Maza, Felipe and Ubilla, Pamela and Araya, Ivanna and Ch{\'a}vez, Renato and San-Mart{\'\i}n, Aurelio and Darias, Jos{\'e} and Darias, Maria and Vaca, Inmaculada}
}
