Effects on Growth of Juvenile Abalones Haliotis tuberculata Under Chronic Exposition to Metals Released from the Dissolution of an Aluminium-Based Galvanic Anode

In the marine environment, the galvanic anode cathodic protection system (GACP) undergoes oxidation and releases metals in the forms of ions or oxy-hydroxides into the environment. The objective of the present study was to investigate the toxicity of a cocktail of metals released from the dissolution of an aluminium-based galvanic anode (~95% Al,~5% Zn) on the abalone Haliotis tuberculata. Juveniles were exposed for 16 weeks (i.e. 12 weeks of exposure and 4 weeks of decontamination phase) and their growth, intake rate, conversion rate and metallic concentrations were monitored. A total of 6 conditions were tested: a control, 4 concentrations based on Al and a trophic control. Results showed that the mortality reached 57% for individuals exposed to 1125 µg L−1 of Al, and the abalone growth signifcantly decreased for an Al concentration greater than 495 µg L−1. At the highest exposure concentration, intake rate measurements revealed that the appetite of abalones was afected, supported by the large increase in the conversion rate which was indicative of a poor feed efciency. The monitoring of metallic concentrations showed that H. tuberculata strongly bioconcentrated Al relative to zinc. The diet did not appear to be the primary pathway for metal entry. Concentrations that signifcantly impacted abalone growth and survival during the experiment were higher than those found in natural environment, but the bioconcentration of Al into the tissues of a primary consumer such as abalone may be a potential pathway for Al to enter food webs.