In vitro effects of glyphosate-based herbicides and related adjuvants on primary culture of hemocytes from Haliotis tuberculata

Glyphosate-based herbicides are among the most produced and widely-used herbicides. Studies have shown that commercial formulations and adjuvants may be more toxic to non-target organisms than the active ingredients alone, but the mechanisms of action of these chemicals remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of glyphosate, a commercial formulation and adjuvant alone using primary culture of hemocytes from the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata, a commonly farmed shellfish. Glyphosate was found to have negligible effects on viability, phagocytic activities and lysosome stability even with very high doses (i.e. 100 mg L^-1). By contrast, greater effects on viability were observed for the commercial formulation and adjuvant alone, with EC₅₀ values of 41.42 mg L^-1 and 1.85 mg L^-1, respectively. These results demonstrate that the toxic sublethal effects (i.e. phagocytic activity and destabilization of lysosomal membranes) of formulated glyphosate

came from adjuvants and suggest they may be related to cell and organelle membrane destabilization.